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class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="Breadcrumbs"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="Home page" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">Environment</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Environment</h1></header><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="required-tools-per-os">Required tools per OS<a href="#required-tools-per-os" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Required tools per OS" title="Direct link to Required tools per OS">​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="windows">Windows<a href="#windows" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Windows" title="Direct link to Windows">​</a></h3>
<p>Most likely WSL, VM or VPS. If you consider setting up either of those PITA, then
VSCode + SSH to <em>aisa</em> might be the best option for you.</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-caution admonition_xJq3 alert alert--warning"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.893 1.5c-.183-.31-.52-.5-.887-.5s-.703.19-.886.5L.138 13.499a.98.98 0 0 0 0 1.001c.193.31.53.501.886.501h13.964c.367 0 .704-.19.877-.5a1.03 1.03 0 0 0 .01-1.002L8.893 1.5zm.133 11.497H6.987v-2.003h2.039v2.003zm0-3.004H6.987V5.987h2.039v4.006z"></path></svg></span>VSCode @ aisa</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>Be careful when using VSCode on aisa, most notably:</p><ol>
<li>VSCode can leave lingering processes running in the background that can „eat
up“ your quota for running processes.
AFAIK UNIX team has implemented some periodic clean up of those.</li>
<li>Disk quota can be also affected, because of the C/C++ extension toolkit that
has a cache for IntelliSense.</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p>Either of those will be linux distros, so jump to <a href="#linux">next section</a>.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="linux">Linux<a href="#linux" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Linux" title="Direct link to Linux">​</a></h3>
<p>Majority (if not all) of the provided materials include makefile (contains absolute
path, so in case of linting and compiling, you need to adjust to your needs). You
basically need following list of tools:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>gcc</code> - for compiling</li>
<li><code>clang-tidy</code> - for linting (depends on distribution, might be provided with
clang itself or in separate package, e.g. <code>clang-tools-extra</code>)</li>
<li><code>clang-format</code> - for your own sanity of keeping consistent formatting</li>
<li><code>make</code> - since you are provided makefiles and it might be quickest to set up</li>
<li><code>valgrind</code> - in case you manage to create memory errors in your code</li>
</ul>
<p>In case of Fedora it is following set of packages:</p>
<div class="language-sh codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#000000;--prism-background-color:#ffffff"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-sh codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">sudo</span><span class="token plain"> dnf </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">install</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token parameter variable" style="color:rgb(9, 134, 88)">-y</span><span class="token plain"> clang clang-tools-extra valgrind gcc </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">make</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"># If you decide to use google test: add `gtest` or `llvm-googletest` for clang</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="macos">macOS<a href="#macos" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to macOS" title="Direct link to macOS">​</a></h3>
<p>In case of macOS you should be able to find all of the packages in brew.sh, except
<code>valgrind</code>, not sure if you can solve with podman/docker.</p>
<p>There is also an alterantive to homebrew, that is nixpkgs.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="nixos">nix(OS)<a href="#nixos" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to nix(OS)" title="Direct link to nix(OS)">​</a></h3>
<p>In case you run nixOS or linux distribution with nixpkgs or you use nixpkgs as a
replacement for homebrew on macOS. You should be fine with the following config:</p>
<div class="language-nix codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#000000;--prism-background-color:#ffffff"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-nix codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">with</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">import</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)">&lt;</span><span class="token plain">nixpkgs</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)">&gt;</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">{</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain">stdenv</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">.</span><span class="token plain">mkDerivation </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> name </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(163, 21, 21)">&quot;cppenv&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> buildInputs </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">[</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> clang</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0)">-</span><span class="token plain">tools</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> gnumake</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> gmock </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"># used for google test</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> valgrind </span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"># not sure about macOS though</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(4, 81, 165)">}</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="ides">IDEs<a href="#ides" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to IDEs" title="Direct link to IDEs">​</a></h2>
<p>Choice of the IDE is mostly up to you, you do not need to use IDE at all ;)</p>
<p>I would probably recommend VSCode + appropriate extension or CLion if you are used
to the JetBrains IDEs.</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="git">git<a href="#git" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to git" title="Direct link to git">​</a></h2>
<p>I recommend you using some basic versioning for your code, even though you submit
only the sources on <em>aisa</em>. There are specific reasons why I suggest it:</p>
<ul>
<li>if you build a <em>commit, tag and submit</em> habit, you might be able to address
some of the smaller problems in your sources even before submission; more info
in the <a href="#pre-commit">pre-commit section</a></li>
</ul>
<p>In case you are planning to use git branches for separating different
assignments and/or merge requests I suggest you to keep specifications and
skeletons on your default branch, since <em>frag</em> on <em>aisa</em> automatically downloads
everything that is not present and by that can create conflicts when switching
branches.</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_xJq3 alert alert--success"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Commit conventions</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>When creating smaller and well defined commits, you can more easily argue about
correctness of your implementation and also identify bugs, since they are better
contained.</p></div></div>
<p>Since frag creates a lot of support files (majority of them are dotfiles, i.e.
hidden files), I recommend you to use following
<a href="/files/cpp/environment/gitignore" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">gitignore</a> configuration that
should cover most of the scenarios.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="pre-commit-link">pre-commit (<a href="https://pre-commit.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">link</a>)<a href="#pre-commit-link" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to pre-commit-link" title="Direct link to pre-commit-link">​</a></h3>
<p>Pre-commit basically allows you to &quot;check&quot; your code before committing. It functions
as a git hook, i.e. you want to make a commit, pre-commit checks it before-hand.</p>
<p>In case of C++ there are few use-cases:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>formatting</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>linting</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>building and/or running tests, in case you feel like masochist</p>
<p>However this might be a challenging task to implement, since most of the tasks
are published from the beginning.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In case of formatting and linting, there are already existing hooks (there is a
list of supported ones on the page), but there is also an option for you setting
it up yourself (it is just a matter of specifying command and files it should run
on).</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_xJq3 alert alert--success"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>Formatting</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>For formatting you can the following <a href="https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format#using-clang-format-with-pre-commit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">git hook</a>.</p><p>This hook follows the formatting conventions defined by the <code>.clang-format</code> file
that is looked up recursively all the way to the root of the filesystem, therefore
it is ideal to keep it in the root of the git repository.</p><p>You can look up the different codestyles <a href="https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/pb071/codestyles" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</p></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="testing">Testing<a href="#testing" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Testing" title="Direct link to Testing">​</a></h2>
<p>I have tried 2 frameworks for testing, one of them will be probably showcased in
lectures. If you have not picked one yet, you can take an inspiration from the
following.</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="catch2">catch2<a href="#catch2" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to catch2" title="Direct link to catch2">​</a></h3>
<p>It is quite popular, only one header-file, also might be easier to set up.</p>
<p>Might feel slow to compile, this can be addressed by having one object file with
precompiled <code>main</code> for tests, e.g.</p>
<div class="language-cpp codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#000000;--prism-background-color:#ffffff"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-cpp codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)">/* File: catch_main.cpp</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * Compile it with: g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -c catch_main.cpp</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> *</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * Once you have source file with tests, e.g. test_something.cpp, compile it in</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * a similar fashion: g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -c test_something.cpp $(LDLIBS)</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> *</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * And link them together:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * g++ catch_main.o test_something.o -o test_something</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> *</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * Now you can run ./test_something and if you change it, you do not need to compile</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> * the main again.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(0, 128, 0)"> */</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token macro property directive-hash">#</span><span class="token macro property directive keyword" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">define</span><span class="token macro property"> </span><span class="token macro property macro-name">CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#000000"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token macro property directive-hash">#</span><span class="token macro property directive keyword" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 255)">include</span><span class="token macro property"> </span><span class="token macro property string" style="color:rgb(163, 21, 21)">&quot;catch.hpp&quot;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="google-test">Google Test<a href="#google-test" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Google Test" title="Direct link to Google Test">​</a></h3>
<p>It is faster compared to catch2, even if you do not precompile the <code>main</code>. Might
be more complicated to set up, since there are multiple files (it is not one header
file). Not very user friendly on <em>aisa</em>. However can be installed through package
manager.</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/cpp/environment.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_vwxv"><span class="theme-last-updated">Last updated<!-- --> on <b><time datetime="2023-02-18T00:00:00.000Z">Feb 18, 2023</time></b></span></div></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders/"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Placeholders</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#required-tools-per-os" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Required tools per OS</a><ul><li><a href="#windows" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Windows</a></li><li><a href="#linux" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Linux</a></li><li><a href="#macos" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">macOS</a></li><li><a href="#nixos" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">nix(OS)</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#ides" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">IDEs</a></li><li><a href="#git" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">git</a><ul><li><a href="#pre-commit-link" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">pre-commit 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