feat(ib002,ib111): add backtracking exercise

Signed-off-by: Matej Focko <mfocko@redhat.com>

ib002/04-recursion/karel_1.md

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+---
+title: Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel
+description: |
+  A problem with too many restrictions.
+tags:
+- python
+- karel
+- recursion
+- backtracking
+---
+
+- [Sources](pathname://files/ib002/karel_1)
+
+## Introduction
+
+In this exercise we will be working with a Robot Karel and with a »very« limited
+resources. The point of this exercise is to show how powerful recursion and
+backtracking can be even without anything else at your hand.
+
+## Your environment and problem description
+
+### Environment
+
+You are given a robot that is present in a maze and is looking for an exit. Maze
+consists of different walls and exit is marked with a single so-called „beeper“.
+
+Walking into a wall results in a permanent damage of the robot.
+
+### Interface
+
+You can control the robot using the following interface:
+
+- actions ​­— you can use them to change the current state of the robot and its
+  surroundings
+  - `robot.step()` — moves robot one step further
+  - `robot.turn_left()` — turns robot 90-degrees counter-clockwise
+    - notice that you are not given `turn_right` or `turn_around`, but feel free
+      to implement them yourself
+  - `robot.pick_beeper()` and opposite operation `robot.put_beeper()` — that
+    allows you to either pick or put „beeper“ from or onto the current position
+- queries — you can use them to check the current state of the robot and its
+  surroundings
+  - `robot.beepers_present()` — to check if there are any beepers at the robot's
+    current location
+  - `robot.left_is_clear()` — to check if you can step to the left
+    - analogically for `front` and `right`
+
+:::caution
+
+Helper functions / procedures are allowed. Return values are allowed.
+
+**Variables are prohibited!**
+
+:::
+
+### Problem
+
+Your task is to decide whether there is an exit from the maze or not. You can see
+an example of a maze here:
+
+![Image of the maze](/img/ib002/karel_1/maze.png)
+
+## Simple problem to get familiar with the robot
+
+If you feel completely lost after the previous description, let me start you off
+with a simpler problem.
+
+You are standing in front of the stairs, your task is to walk up the stairs.
+
+You can see an example of such map here:
+
+![Image of the stairs](/img/ib002/karel_1/stairs.png)
+
+## Brainstorm the idea
+
+As a first step write down any ideas and things that you have noticed or came to
+your mind. Ideally:
+
+- Write down a nested list of the problems, e.g.
+
+  :::info Example 
+
+  Problem: I want to find out whether the display on smartphone should rotate.
+
+  - Check if display has been rotated
+    - Read data from some sensor
+      - From what sensor
+    - In what format are the data I have read?
+    - How do I communicate with the sensor?
+    - What is the meaning of the data that I got?
+    - How can I process it?
+
+  :::
+- Write down list of problems that can happen, e.g.
+
+  :::info Example continued
+
+  Following the same problem.
+
+  - What if the sensor doesn't work?
+  - What if the data doesn't conform to the specification?
+  - What if my formulas are wrong?
+
+  :::
+- Write down **anything** you consider important to solving the problem, e.g.
+
+  :::info Example continued once again
+
+  - I could probably use gyroscope.
+  - I should probably look up the datasheet for that module.
+  - I could write some tests to verify that my computations are correct.
+
+  :::
+
+## »Rough« pseudocode
+
+As a next step write a **mock up** of a pseudocode solving the problem, you are
+allowed to use comments as placeholders for bigger chunks of code.
+
+Those comments are also a very good hints for decomposition and short, but
+descriptive, commnets (if they are short enough and you decide not to factor them
+out to separate functions).
+
+:::tip
+
+The smaller the function is, the easier it is to test it and argue about its
+correctness.
+
+:::
+
+## »Proper« pseudocode
+
+If you are satisfied with the _»rough« pseudocode_, it's time to convert it into
+a proper one. Get rid of the uncertain pieces of functionality and replace them
+with proper pseudocode, i.e. list of the things that should happen in its place.
+
+## Library
+
+If you got here, and you **actually** wrote down the pseudocode, you can try your
+solution after downloading the sources linked at the beginning. If you download
+the ZIP-file, you can there:
+
+- `generate_mazes.py` - that was used to generate the same maze with beepers in
+  different locations
+- `karel_tk.py` - library which can run Karel given the his world
+  - documentation can be found [here](https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xfocko/ib111/10/docs/)
+  - also requires Tk Python library to be installed (it should be included in
+    majority of Python installations)
+- `*.kw` - which represent multiple worlds for Karel I have prepared
+- `skeleton.py` - skeleton for your solution, needs to be put in the same directory
+  as `karel_tk.py` and takes path to the world as a first argument, example usage:
+
+      $ python3 skeleton.py stairs.kw
+
+  - of course, this file can be renamed ;)
+
+## Solution
+
+Solution to this problem will be released as a second part, so that you can try
+it out by yourself without any influence of „example solution“.
+
+If you want to get any feedback, feel free to mail me your solution (including
+all the steps that lead to your final solution, if you wish to get feedback on
+those too).

static/files/ib002/karel_1/generate_mazes.py

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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+from itertools import product
+
+
+def generate_map(template: str, st: int, ave: int) -> str:
+    return template.format(st=st, ave=ave)
+
+
+def main():
+    template = None
+    with open("maze_skel.kw", "r") as f:
+        template = f.read()
+
+    for st, ave in product(range(1, 7), range(1, 7)):
+        with open("maze{:03d}.kw".format(st * 6 + ave), "w") as out:
+            print(generate_map(template, st, ave), file=out)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

static/files/ib002/karel_1/karel_tk.py

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+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum, IntEnum
+from functools import wraps
+from itertools import product
+from math import radians, sin, cos
+from sys import stderr
+import tkinter as tk
+from typing import Tuple, Union
+
+
+def check_before(precondition):
+    """
+    Decorator for running methods before executing a method.
+
+    Args:
+        call_before: Function to be called before executing a method.
+
+    Returns:
+        Parametrized decorator that can be used to wrap method with the
+        `call_before`.
+    """
+
+    def parametrized(f):
+        @wraps(f)
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            if not precondition(self, *args, **kwargs, fn=f):
+                return
+            return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return parametrized
+
+
+def after(call_after):
+    """
+    Decorator for running methods after executing a method.
+
+    Args:
+        call_after: Function to be called after executing a method.
+
+    Returns:
+        Parametrized decorator that can be used to wrap method with the
+        `call_after`.
+    """
+
+    def parametrized(f):
+        @wraps(f)
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            result = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            call_after(self, *args, **kwargs, fn=f)
+            return result
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return parametrized
+
+
+def skip_for_summary(f):
+    """
+    Decorator used for skipping a function call if the Karel is running
+    in a summary mode.
+    """
+
+    @wraps(f)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.summary_mode:
+            return
+        return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class Block(IntEnum):
+    """
+    Represents a field in the world of the Robot Karel.
+    It can be either clear or a wall.
+    """
+
+    Clear = 0
+    Wall = -1
+
+
+# Constants for major angles
+EAST, NORTH, WEST, SOUTH = 0, 90, 180, 270
+
+
+# @dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class _Direction:
+    """
+    angle: Represents heading of the Robot Karel
+    """
+
+    angle: int
+
+    @property
+    def vector(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        """
+        Get a direction vector in the current direction the robot is heading.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pair of ints, representing a vector of (dx, dy).
+        """
+        angle, x, y = radians(self.angle), 1, 0
+        return (
+            x * round(cos(angle)) - y * round(sin(angle)),
+            x * round(sin(angle)) + y * round(cos(angle)),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def in_world(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Get a character that is being put in the graphical representation of
+        the Robot Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            Character to be put in the world.
+        """
+        return {
+            Direction.East.value: ">",
+            Direction.North.value: "^",
+            Direction.West.value: "<",
+            Direction.South.value: "v",
+            # Direction.East.value: "⮞",
+            # Direction.North.value: "⮝",
+            # Direction.West.value: "⮜",
+            # Direction.South.value: "⮟",
+        }[self]
+
+    @property
+    def as_string(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns a string with a direction for Tk label.
+
+        Returns:
+            Label of the direction
+        """
+        return {
+            Direction.East.value: "east",
+            Direction.North.value: "north",
+            Direction.West.value: "west",
+            Direction.South.value: "south",
+        }[self]
+
+    def __add__(self, angle: int) -> "_Direction":
+        return _Direction((360 + self.angle + angle) % 360)
+
+
+class Direction(Enum):
+    """
+    Provides constants of directions Karel can face.
+    """
+
+    East = _Direction(EAST)
+    North = _Direction(NORTH)
+    West = _Direction(WEST)
+    South = _Direction(SOUTH)
+
+
+class KarelWindow:
+    def __init__(self, karel: "Karel", scale: int, font: str):
+        self.size = 32 * scale
+
+        self.steps = tk.Label(text=karel.steps, anchor="e")
+        self.steps.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="e")
+
+        self.last_cmd = tk.Label(text=karel.last_command, anchor="w")
+        self.last_cmd.grid(row=0, column=1, columnspan=3, sticky="w")
+
+        tk.Label(text="CORNER").grid(row=1, column=0)
+        tk.Label(text="FACING").grid(row=1, column=1)
+        tk.Label(text="BEEP-BAG").grid(row=1, column=2)
+        tk.Label(text="BEEP-CORNER").grid(row=1, column=3)
+
+        self.corner = tk.Label()
+        self.corner.grid(row=2, column=0)
+
+        self.facing = tk.Label()
+        self.facing.grid(row=2, column=1)
+
+        self.beep_bag = tk.Label()
+        self.beep_bag.grid(row=2, column=2)
+
+        self.beep_corner = tk.Label()
+        self.beep_corner.grid(row=2, column=3)
+
+        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(
+            width=((karel.world.width + 1) // 2 + 2) * self.size,
+            height=((karel.world.height + 1) // 2 + 2) * self.size,
+            background="black",
+        )
+        self.canvas.grid(column=0, row=3, columnspan=4)
+
+        self.font = f"{font} {int(12 * scale)}"
+
+        self.__draw_world(karel.world)
+        self.render(karel)
+
+    def __draw_world(self, world: "World"):
+        m, n = (world.height + 1) // 2, (world.width + 1) // 2
+
+        # NUMBERS
+        self.canvas.create_text(
+            self.size // 2,
+            self.size,
+            text="ST.",
+            fill="white",
+            anchor="s",
+            font=self.font,
+        )
+        for i in range(m):
+            self.canvas.create_text(
+                self.size - 8,
+                (i + 2) * self.size - self.size // 2,
+                text=(m - i),
+                anchor="e",
+                fill="white",
+                font=self.font,
+            )
+        y = ((m + 1) * self.size) + 8
+        self.canvas.create_text(
+            (n + 1) * self.size + self.size // 2,
+            y,
+            text="AVE.",
+            fill="white",
+            anchor="n",
+            font=self.font,
+        )
+        for i in range(n):
+            self.canvas.create_text(
+                (i + 2) * self.size - self.size // 2,
+                y,
+                text=(i + 1),
+                anchor="n",
+                fill="white",
+                font=self.font,
+            )
+
+        # BORDER
+        self.canvas.create_rectangle(
+            self.size,
+            self.size,
+            self.size * (n + 1),
+            self.size * (m + 1),
+            fill="",
+            outline="white",
+        )
+
+        for row, col in product(range(world.height), range(world.width)):
+            block = world.data[row][col]
+            if row % 2 == 0 and col % 2 == 0:
+                self.__print_beeper(world, block or ".", row // 2, col // 2)
+            elif block == Block.Wall:
+                size = self.size
+                x = size + col // 2 * size
+                y = (world.width + 1) // 2 * size - row // 2 * size
+                if row % 2 == 1 and col % 2 == 0:
+                    self.canvas.create_line(x, y, x + size, y, fill="white")
+                elif row % 2 == 0:
+                    x += size
+                    self.canvas.create_line(x, y, x, y + size, fill="white")
+
+        self.canvas.update()
+
+    def __print_beeper(
+        self, world: "World", beeper: Union[str, int], row: int, column: int
+    ):
+        self.canvas.create_text(
+            (column + 1) * self.size + self.size // 2,
+            ((world.height + 1) // 2 - row) * self.size + self.size // 2,
+            text=str(beeper),
+            anchor="center",
+            fill="white",
+            font=self.font,
+        )
+
+    def render(self, karel: "Karel"):
+        self.facing["text"] = karel.direction.as_string
+
+        self.steps["text"] = karel.steps
+        self.last_cmd["text"] = karel.last_command
+        self.corner["text"] = f"({(karel.x + 2) // 2}, {(karel.y + 2) // 2})"
+        self.beep_bag["text"] = karel.beepers
+        self.beep_corner["text"] = karel.world.data[karel.y][karel.x]
+
+        i, j = (karel.y + 2) // 2, (karel.x + 2) // 2
+        size = self.size
+        x, y = j * size, ((karel.world.height + 1) // 2 - i + 1) * size
+        self.canvas.create_rectangle(
+            x + 1, y + 1, x + size - 1, y + size - 1, fill="black"
+        )
+
+        karel_on_map = karel.direction.in_world
+        self.canvas.create_text(
+            x + size // 2,
+            y + size // 2,
+            text=karel_on_map,
+            font=self.font + " bold",
+            fill="yellow",
+            anchor="center",
+        )
+
+        self.canvas.update()
+        self.canvas.after(karel.step_delay)
+
+    def update(self, karel: "Karel", dx: int, dy: int):
+        block = karel.world.data[karel.y - 2 * dy][karel.x - 2 * dx]
+
+        i, j = (karel.y - 2 * dy) // 2, (karel.x - 2 * dx) // 2
+        x, y = (j + 1) * self.size, (
+            (karel.world.height + 1) // 2 - i
+        ) * self.size
+
+        self.canvas.create_rectangle(
+            x + 1, y + 1, x + self.size - 1, y + self.size - 1, fill="black"
+        )
+        self.__print_beeper(karel.world, block or ".", i, j)
+
+    def error(self, karel: "Karel", message: str):
+        self.render(karel)
+
+        self.last_cmd["foreground"] = "red"
+        self.last_cmd["text"] = f"Error Shutoff! ({message})"
+
+
+class World:
+    def __init__(self, width, height, data):
+        self.width = width * 2 - 1
+        self.height = height * 2 - 1
+        self.data = [
+            [0 for _ in range(self.width)] for _ in range(self.height)
+        ]
+
+        if self.width > 30 or self.height > 30:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The given world is greater than the max values of [{}x{}]".format(
+                    30, 30
+                )
+            )
+
+        self._parse_world(data)
+
+    def __parse_wall(self, column, row, orientation, line):
+        column = column * 2 - 2
+        row = row * 2 - 2
+
+        if column % 2 == 1 or row % 2 == 1:
+            raise ValueError("Wrong position of the wall")
+
+        if orientation == "E":
+            column += 1
+        elif orientation == "W":
+            column -= 1
+        elif orientation == "N":
+            row += 1
+        elif orientation == "S":
+            row -= 1
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Unknown wall orientation '{}' on line {} in world file".format(
+                    orientation, line
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.data[row][column] = Block.Wall
+        if column % 2 == 1 and row % 2 == 0:
+            if row + 1 < self.height:
+                self.data[row + 1][column] = Block.Wall
+            if row - 1 >= 0:
+                self.data[row - 1][column] = Block.Wall
+        else:
+            if column + 1 < self.width:
+                self.data[row][column + 1] = Block.Wall
+            if column - 1 >= 0:
+                self.data[row][column - 1] = Block.Wall
+
+    def __parse_beepers(self, column, row, count):
+        column = column * 2 - 2
+        row = row * 2 - 2
+        self.data[row][column] = count
+
+    def _parse_world(self, world_content):
+        for i, line in enumerate(world_content, 1):
+            if not line:
+                continue
+
+            block, column, row, arg = [part.upper() for part in line.split()]
+            if block == "W":
+                self.__parse_wall(int(column), int(row), arg, i)
+            elif block == "B":
+                self.__parse_beepers(int(column), int(row), int(arg))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Unknown block character '{}' on line {} in world file".format(
+                        block, i
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+class Karel:
+    def __init__(
+        self, filename, summary_mode=False, scale=1, font="monospace"
+    ):
+        """
+        Turn Karel on.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Path to the file containing Karel's world and initial
+                settings.
+            summary_mode: Disable rendering of the Karel's world in the window.
+
+                Defaults to `False`.
+            scale: Change the scaling factor of the font used to render Karel's
+                world.
+
+                Defaults to `1`.
+            font: Change the default monospace font that is used to render the
+                world.
+
+                Defaults to `"monospace"`.
+        """
+        self.summary_mode = summary_mode
+
+        world_content = None
+        with open(filename) as world_file:
+            world_content = world_file.read()
+
+        first_line, world = world_content.split("\n", maxsplit=1)
+        width, height, x, y, direction, beepers = first_line.split()
+        direction = direction.upper()
+
+        self.world = World(int(width), int(height), world.split("\n"))
+        self.x, self.y = int(x) * 2 - 2, int(y) * 2 - 2
+
+        if direction == "S":
+            self.direction = Direction.South.value
+        elif direction == "W":
+            self.direction = Direction.West.value
+        elif direction == "E":
+            self.direction = Direction.East.value
+        elif direction == "N":
+            self.direction = Direction.North.value
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown Karel's direction")
+
+        self.beepers = int(beepers)
+
+        self.steps = 0
+        self.step_delay = 1000
+        self.is_running = True
+        self.last_command = "turn_on"
+
+        self._initialize_window(scale, font)
+
+    @skip_for_summary
+    def _initialize_window(self, scale, font):
+        """
+        Initializes a window where the Karel is drawn.
+        """
+        self._window = KarelWindow(self, scale, font)
+
+    @skip_for_summary
+    def __update(self, dx, dy):
+        """
+        Updates Karel's position in the window.
+
+        Args:
+            dx: Change along the horizontal axis.
+            dy: Change along the vertical axis.
+        """
+        self._window.update(self, dx, dy)
+
+    def __render(self, fn, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Updates step counter and last command for Karel.
+        If the robot is not running in a summary mode, then the window
+        is rendered once again.
+        """
+        if not self.is_running:
+            return
+
+        self.steps += 1
+        self.last_command = fn.__name__
+
+        if not self.summary_mode:
+            self._window.render(self)
+
+    def __error(self, message):
+        """
+        Provides error handling.
+
+        Args:
+            message: Error message to be shown.
+        """
+        if not self.summary_mode:
+            self._window.error(self, message)
+            self.is_running = False
+        else:
+            print(f"Error Shutoff! ({message})", file=stderr)
+
+    @skip_for_summary
+    def __deinit(self):
+        tk.mainloop()
+
+    def __check_state(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Assures that commands are not run while the robot is not running.
+
+        Robot is not running when error has occurred.
+        """
+        return self.is_running
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def beepers_in_bag(self):
+        """
+        Check if there are any beepers in the Karel's bag.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is at least one beeper in Karel's beeper bag,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.beepers > 0
+
+    def no_beepers_in_bag(self):
+        """
+        Check if there are no beepers in the Karel's bag.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is no beeper in Karel's beeper bag, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.beepers_in_bag()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def front_is_clear(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is no wall in front of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is no obstacle in front of Karel, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        dx, dy = self.direction.vector
+        if not (
+            0 <= self.x + dx < self.world.width
+            and 0 <= self.y + dy < self.world.height
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        if self.world.data[self.y + dy][self.x + dx] == Block.Wall:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def front_is_blocked(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is a wall in front of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is an obstacle in front of Karel, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.front_is_clear()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def __side_is_clear(self, d):
+        """
+        Helper function for determining whether the sides of Karel are clear.
+
+        Args:
+            d: Counterclockwise change in angle of Karel's heading.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the side after applying the `d` counterclokwise turn
+            is clear, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        original_direction = self.direction
+        self.direction = self.direction + d
+
+        is_clear = self.front_is_clear()
+        self.direction = original_direction
+
+        return is_clear
+
+    def left_is_clear(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is no wall to the left side of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is no obstacle to the left side of Karel,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.__side_is_clear(90)
+
+    def left_is_blocked(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is a wall to the left side of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is an obstacle to the left side of Karel,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.left_is_clear()
+
+    def right_is_clear(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is no wall to the right side of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is no obstacle to the right side of Karel,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.__side_is_clear(-90)
+
+    def right_is_blocked(self):
+        """
+        Check if there is a wall to the right side of Karel.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is an obstacle to the right side of Karel,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.right_is_clear()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def facing_north(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is facing north.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is facing north, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.direction == Direction.North
+
+    def not_facing_north(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is »not« facing north.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is »not« facing north, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.facing_north()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def facing_south(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is facing south.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is facing south, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.direction == Direction.South
+
+    def not_facing_south(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is »not« facing south.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is »not« facing south, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.facing_south()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def facing_east(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is facing east.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is facing east, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.direction == Direction.East
+
+    def not_facing_east(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is »not« facing east.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is »not« facing east, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.facing_east()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def facing_west(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is facing west.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is facing west, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.direction == Direction.West
+
+    def not_facing_west(self):
+        """
+        Check if Karel is »not« facing west.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if Karel is »not« facing west, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.facing_west()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    def beepers_present(self):
+        """
+        Check whether Karel stands on a position that has any beepers present.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is at least one beeper present on the current
+            position, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.world.data[self.y][self.x] > 0
+
+    def no_beepers_present(self):
+        """
+        Check whether Karel stands on a position that has no beepers present.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if there is no beeper present on the current position,
+            `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return not self.beepers_present()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    @after(__render)
+    def step(self):
+        """
+        Move Karel one position in the direction he's facing.
+        """
+        if not self.front_is_clear():
+            return self.__error("Can't move this way")
+
+        dx, dy = self.direction.vector
+        self.x += 2 * dx
+        self.y += 2 * dy
+        self.__update(dx, dy)
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    @after(__render)
+    def turn_left(self):
+        """
+        Turn Karel counterclockwise, i.e. left, by 90 degrees.
+        """
+        self.direction = self.direction + 90
+
+    @after(__render)
+    def turn_off(self):
+        """
+        Turn Karel off.
+        """
+        self.is_running = False
+        self.__deinit()
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    @after(__render)
+    def put_beeper(self):
+        """
+        Take a beeper from Karel's beeper bag and put on the current position.
+        """
+        if self.beepers <= 0:
+            return self.__error("Karel has no beeper to put at the corner")
+
+        self.world.data[self.y][self.x] += 1
+        self.beepers -= 1
+
+    @check_before(__check_state)
+    @after(__render)
+    def pick_beeper(self):
+        """
+        Pick a beeper from the current position and put it into Karel's
+        beeper bag.
+        """
+        if self.world.data[self.y][self.x] <= 0:
+            return self.__error("There is no beeper at the corner")
+
+        self.world.data[self.y][self.x] -= 1
+        self.beepers += 1
+
+    def set_step_delay(self, delay):
+        """
+        Set delay of a Karel's step.
+
+        Args:
+            delay: Delay of one step in milliseconds.
+        """
+        self.step_delay = delay
+
+    def get_step_delay(self):
+        """
+        Get current delay of a Karel's step.
+
+        Returns:
+            Current delay in milliseconds.
+        """
+        return self.step_delay

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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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static/files/ib002/karel_1/maze042.kw

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static/files/ib002/karel_1/maze069.kw

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+
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static/files/ib002/karel_1/maze666.kw

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static/files/ib002/karel_1/maze_skel.kw

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
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+
+B {st} {ave} 1
+
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+
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static/files/ib002/karel_1/skeleton.py

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from karel_tk import Karel
+
+import sys
+
+
+class SuperKarel(Karel):
+    # you can define your own helper functions on Karel here, if you wish to
+
+    def run(self):
+        # TODO
+        pass
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
+        print("Please provide a path to the world as an argument.")
+        return
+
+    k = SuperKarel(sys.argv[1], scale=3, font="Iosevka\\ Term")
+    k.set_step_delay(500)
+
+    k.run()
+
+    k.turn_off()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

static/files/ib002/karel_1/stairs.kw

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+
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static/files/ib002/karel_1/stairs2.kw

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