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Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html b/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html index 0f6873f..d85947b 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ correctness. - - + +

Algorithms and Correctness

Materials related to basic ideas behind algorithms and proofs of their diff --git a/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html b/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html index 3df0095..ff76b31 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Asymptotic Notation and Time Complexity

Materials related to asymptotic notation and time complexity. diff --git a/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html b/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html index 0e11012..3cfb4b1 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Graphs

Materials related to basic graph algorithms and graph problems. diff --git a/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html b/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html index e2e24f3..a611128 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html @@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ - - + + -

Hash Tables

Materials related to hash tables. -

+

Hash Tables

Materials related to hash tables. +

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html b/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html index 47b6256..671814e 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Paths in Graphs

Materials related to finding paths in graphs. diff --git a/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html b/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html index 7b411f2..4b5d360 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Recursion

Materials related to recursive algorithms and their time complexity. diff --git a/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html b/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html index 3db36c6..de98b47 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Red-Black Trees

Materials related to red-black trees. diff --git a/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html b/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html index e5b4dd0..724f9a0 100644 --- a/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html +++ b/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html b/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html index 62e3702..74113ba 100644 --- a/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html +++ b/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Iterative algorithms via iterators

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html index f7bddd4..67a33fe 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ -Breaking Hash Table | mfBreaking hash table | mf @@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ - - + + -

Breaking Hash Table

We will try to break a hash table and discuss possible ways how to prevent such +

Breaking hash table

We will try to break a hash table and discuss possible ways how to prevent such issues to occur.

Introduction​

Hash tables are very commonly used to represent sets or dictionaries. Even when diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html index 66b0d3d..628a4fe 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html @@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ - - + + -

Possible Mitigations

There are multiple ways the issues created above can be mitigated. Still we can +

Possible Mitigations

There are multiple ways the issues created above can be mitigated. Still we can only make it better, we cannot guarantee the ideal time complexity…

For the sake of simplicity (and referencing an article by Neal Wu on the same topic; in references below) I will use the C++ to describe the mitigations.

diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html index e0b0302..da18132 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html @@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ - - + + -

Breaking the Hash Table in Python

+

Breaking the Hash Table in Python

Our language of choice for bringing the worst out of the hash table is Python.

Let's start by talking about the hash function and why we've chosen Python for this. Hash function for integers in Python is simply identity, as you might've @@ -137,6 +137,6 @@ will collide).

Arbitrary-sized integers, they can get as big as your memory allows. ↩

-
+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/algorithms/index.html b/algorithms/index.html index 0bd4200..6a912d2 100644 --- a/algorithms/index.html +++ b/algorithms/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

Introduction

In this part you can find “random” additional materials I have written over the @@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ course of teaching Algorithms and data structures I.

It is a various mix of stuff that may have been produced as a follow-up on some question asked at the seminar or spontanously.

If you have some ideas for posts, please do not hesitate to submit them as issues -in the linked GitLab.

+in the linked GitLab.

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html index 953425d..fdd8296 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

A* algorithm

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html index e40eac3..5ee781c 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ something. - - + +

BF

Basic idea​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html index 3a50407..cc1e0d2 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Dijkstra's algorithm

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html index 642ab78..7d744d7 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

From BF to A*

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html b/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html index 73e9379..04cdc7a 100644 --- a/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html +++ b/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Použití červeno-černých stromů

Použití​

diff --git a/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html b/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html index 2178b74..d938715 100644 --- a/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html +++ b/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

On the rules of the red-black tree

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html index 9b52997..ff31127 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html index f107bb3..2b1ad59 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Solving the maze problem

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html index d8a6d45..d6ce2cf 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Bottom-up dynamic programming

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html index 5918806..cf798d5 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Greedy solution

    We will try to optimize it a bit. Let's start with a relatively simple greedy diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html index 965a04a..0709ec1 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Introduction to dynamic programming

    In this series we will try to solve one problem in different ways.

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html index e00b929..c4a9021 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Naïve solution

    Our naïve solution consists of trying out all the possible slides and finding diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html index dd5ccf1..86f4049 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Top-down dynamic programming

    diff --git a/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html b/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html index dc7e777..34febd2 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "a star"

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    From BF to A*

    Figuring out shortest-path problem from the BF to the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html b/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html index 2029fc0..a26b37a 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "applications"

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    Použití červeno-černých stromů

    Ukázka použití červeno-černých stromů v standardních knižnicích známých jazyků. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html b/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html index b4fba5d..c2206d4 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "astar"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html b/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html index 03e1669..47c31db 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "backtracking"

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    Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    A problem with too many restrictions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html b/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html index 61cbfb8..0d12617 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "balanced trees"

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    On the rules of the red-black tree

    Shower thoughts on the rules of the red-black tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html index 87e7e46..8e5f66f 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "bellman ford"

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    BF

    Solving the shortest path problem with a naïve approach that turns into diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html index 1ae02ed..6087186 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "bfs"

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    Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

    Short explanation of distance boundaries deduced from a BFS tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html index ca15ded..1088b12 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "bottom-up-dp"

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    Bottom-up DP solution

    Bottom-up DP solution of the Pyramid Slide Down. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html b/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html index 2535c54..b9935a3 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "brute force"

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    BF

    Solving the shortest path problem with a naïve approach that turns into diff --git a/algorithms/tags/c/index.html b/algorithms/tags/c/index.html index 757f845..9911987 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/c/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/c/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "c"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html index 4d90991..e839985 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html @@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ - - + +

    7 docs tagged with "cpp"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm.

    BF

    Solving the shortest path problem with a naïve approach that turns into something. -

    From BF to A*

    Figuring out shortest-path problem from the BF to the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html index f042707..1ff9400 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "csharp"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html index 7e4792c..068b7b1 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "dijkstra"

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    Dijkstra's algorithm

    Moving from Bellman-Ford into the Dijsktra's algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html index 13948c1..b079781 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "dynamic array"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html index 1db0ade..ac34681 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    7 docs tagged with "dynamic programming"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html b/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html index 7fa682d..13dde9a 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "exponential"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html b/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html index f29eb24..1cde8f0 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "graphs"

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    Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

    Short explanation of distance boundaries deduced from a BFS tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html b/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html index b66b1e4..13d67a6 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    4 docs tagged with "greedy"

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    Dijkstra's algorithm

    Moving from Bellman-Ford into the Dijsktra's algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html b/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html index a1e6f07..70f5530 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html @@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ - - + + -

    3 docs tagged with "hash-tables"

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    Breaking Hash Table

    How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table. +

    3 docs tagged with "hash-tables"

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    diff --git a/algorithms/tags/index.html b/algorithms/tags/index.html index 6862848..6743275 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    Tags

    diff --git a/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html b/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html index 04e1b57..3dbbd86 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "iterative"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html b/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html index 431a07c..e8bb56d 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "iterators"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/java/index.html b/algorithms/tags/java/index.html index fcaa5e7..e06a27a 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/java/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/java/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    5 docs tagged with "java"

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    Bottom-up DP solution

    Bottom-up DP solution of the Pyramid Slide Down. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html b/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html index 04df964..f800c70 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "karel"

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    Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    A problem with too many restrictions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html b/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html index b76cad2..4e151f6 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "postconditions"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/python/index.html b/algorithms/tags/python/index.html index c701e8e..c99e8f0 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/python/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/python/index.html @@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ - - + + -

    7 docs tagged with "python"

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    Breaking Hash Table

    How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table. +

    7 docs tagged with "python"

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    Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    A problem with too many restrictions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html b/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html index 0022909..b038724 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    5 docs tagged with "recursion"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html b/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html index 096fc4b..986445e 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "red-black trees"

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    On the rules of the red-black tree

    Shower thoughts on the rules of the red-black tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html b/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html index 148160f..2a8e088 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "solution"

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    Solution to the problem

    Solving the problem introduced in the previous post. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html b/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html index bb24109..f10cbd8 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "sorting"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html b/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html index 9962ce1..42e7d6f 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "testing"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html b/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html index b1afdff..104f281 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    One doc tagged with "time complexity"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html index 96df140..c75d0bb 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

    2 docs tagged with "top-down-dp"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html b/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html index bf3cb30..a7ea43d 100644 --- a/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html +++ b/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    Introduction​

    diff --git a/assets/js/087808f1.0a5fb140.js b/assets/js/087808f1.e9aaa303.js similarity index 98% rename from assets/js/087808f1.0a5fb140.js rename to assets/js/087808f1.e9aaa303.js index 6afa8ee..2be8c3b 100644 --- a/assets/js/087808f1.0a5fb140.js +++ b/assets/js/087808f1.e9aaa303.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[3731],{48157:(e,t,n)=>{n.r(t),n.d(t,{assets:()=>h,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=n(85893),a=n(11151);const i={id:"breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",title:"Breaking Hash Table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:new Date("2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z")}},r=void 0,o={id:"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/breaking",title:"Breaking Hash Table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",source:"@site/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/index.md",sourceDirName:"12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/index.md",tags:[{label:"cpp",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/cpp"},{label:"python",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/python"},{label:"hash-tables",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/hash-tables"}],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1701129600,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 28, 2023",frontMatter:{id:"breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",title:"Breaking Hash Table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:"2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z"}},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Hash Tables",permalink:"/algorithms/category/hash-tables"},next:{title:"Breaking Python",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python"}},h={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Hash Table v. Trees",id:"hash-table-v-trees",level:2},{value:"Requirements",id:"requirements",level:3},{value:"Underlying data structure",id:"underlying-data-structure",level:3},{value:"Major Factors of Hash Tables",id:"major-factors-of-hash-tables",level:2},{value:"Hash functions",id:"hash-functions",level:3},{value:"Implementation details",id:"implementation-details",level:3}];function c(e){const t={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",annotation:"annotation",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",math:"math",mi:"mi",mo:"mo",mrow:"mrow",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",semantics:"semantics",span:"span",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will try to break a hash table and discuss possible ways how to prevent such\nissues to occur."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash tables are very commonly used to represent sets or dictionaries. Even when\nyou look up solution to some problem that requires set or dictionary, it is more\nthan likely that you'll find something that references usage of the hash table.\nYou might think it's the only possible option",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1",id:"user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})}),", or it's the best one",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2",id:"user-content-fnref-2","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"2"})}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["One of the reasons to prefer hash tables over any other representation is the\nfact that they are ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"supposed"})," to be faster than the alternatives, but the\ntruth lies somewhere in between."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["One of the other possible implementations of the set is a balanced tree. Majorly\noccurring implementations rely on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"red-black tree"}),", but you may see also\nothers like an ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"AVL tree"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-3",id:"user-content-fnref-3","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"3"})})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"B-tree"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-4",id:"user-content-fnref-4","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"4"})}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"hash-table-v-trees",children:"Hash Table v. Trees"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The most interesting part are the differences between their implementations. Why\nshould you choose hash table, or why should you choose the tree implementation?\nLet's compare the differences one by one."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["We will start with the fundamentals on which the underlying data structures\nrely. We can also consider them as ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"requirements"})," that must be met to be able to\nuse the underlying data structure."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash table relies on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"hash function"})," that is supposed to distribute the keys\nin such way that they're evenly spread across the slots where the keys (or\npairs, for dictionary) are stored, but at the same time they're somewhat unique,\nso no clustering occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Trees depend on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"ordering"})," of the elements. They maintain the elements in\na sorted fashion, so for any pair of the elements that are used as keys, you\nneed to be able to decide which one of them is ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"smaller or equal to"})," the other."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash function can be easily created by using the bits that ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"uniquely"})," identify\na unique element. On the other hand, ordering may not be as easy to define."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{title:"Example",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If you are familiar with complex numbers, they are a great example of a key that\ndoes not have ordering (unless you go element-wise for the sake of storing them\nin a tree; though the ordering ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"is not"})," defined on them)."]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Hashing them is much easier though, you can just \u201ccombine\u201d the hashes of the\nreal and imaginary parts of the complex number to get a hash of the complex\nnumber itself."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"underlying-data-structure",children:"Underlying data structure"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["The most obvious difference is the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"core"})," of the idea behind these data\nstructures. Hash tables rely on data being stored in one continuous piece of\nmemory (the array) where you can \u201cguess\u201d (by using the hash function) the\nlocation of what you're looking for in a constant time and also access that\nlocation in the, said, constant time",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-5",id:"user-content-fnref-5","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"5"})}),". In case the hash function is\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"not good enough"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-6",id:"user-content-fnref-6","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"6"})}),", you need to go in ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"blind"}),", and if it comes to the worst,\ncheck everything."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"tl;dr",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I know where should I look"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I can look there instantenously"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"If my guesses are very wrong, I might need to check everything"}),"\n"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["On the other hand, tree implementations rely on the self-balancing trees in\nwhich you don't get as ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"amazing"})," results as with the hash table, but they're\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"consistent"}),". Given that we have a self-balancing tree, the height of the tree\nis same for ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"every"})," input and therefore checking for any element can take the\nsame time even in the worst case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"tl;dr",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I don't know where to look"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I know how to get there"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Wherever I look, it takes me about the same time"}),"\n"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's compare side by side:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"time complexity"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"hash table"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"tree"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"expected"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"constant"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"depends on the height"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"worst-case"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"gotta check everything"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"depends on the height"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"major-factors-of-hash-tables",children:"Major Factors of Hash Tables"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at the major factors that affect the efficiency and\nfunctioning of a hash table. We have already mentioned the hash function that\nplays a crucial role, but there are also different ways how you can implement\na hash table, so we will have a look at those too."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"hash-functions",children:"Hash functions"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"info",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will start with a definition of hash function in a mathematical definition\nand type signature in some known language:"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"katex-display",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",display:"block",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.semantics,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.mrow,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{children:"h"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mo,{children:":"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{children:"T"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mo,{children:"\u2192"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{mathvariant:"double-struck",children:"N"})]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:" h : T \\rightarrow \\mathbb{N}"})]})})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6944em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"h"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mrel",children:":"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.13889em"},children:"T"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mrel",children:"\u2192"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6889em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathbb",children:"N"})]})]})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["For a type signature we will just take the declaration from C++",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-7",id:"user-content-fnref-7","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"7"})}),":"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-cpp",children:"std::size_t operator()(const T& key) const;\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If you compare with the mathematical definition, it is very similar, except for\nthe fact that the memory is not unlimited, so the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"natural number"})," turned into\nan ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"unsigned integer type"})," (on majority of platforms it will be a 64-bit\nunsigned integer)."]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"As we have already touched above, hash function gives \u201ca guess\u201d where to look\nfor the key (either when doing a look up, or for insertion to guess a suitable\nspot for the insertion)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash functions are expected to have a so-called ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"avalanche effect"})," which means\nthat the smallest change to the key should result in a massive change of hash.\nAvalanche effect technically guarantees that even when your data are clustered\ntogether, it should lower the amount of conflicts that can occur."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"Exercise for the reader",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Try to give an example of a hash function that is not good at all."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"implementation-details",children:"Implementation details"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"There are different variations of the hash tables. You've more than likely seen\nan implementation that keeps linked lists for buckets. However there are also\nother variations that use probing instead."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"With regards to the implementation details, we need to mention the fact that\neven with the bounded hash (as we could've seen above), you're not likely to\nhave all the buckets for different hashes available. Most common approach to\nthis is having a smaller set of buckets and modifying the hash to fit within."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One of the most common approaches is to keep lengths of the hash tables in the\npowers of 2 which allows bit-masking to take place."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{title:"Example",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Let's say we're given ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"h = 0xDEADBEEF"})," and we have ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"l = 65536=2^16"})," spots in our\nhash table. What can we do here?"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Well, we definitely have a bigger hash than spots available, so we need to\n\u201cshrink\u201d it somehow. The most common practice is to take the lower bits of the\nhash to represent an index in the table:"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"h & (l - 1)\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Why does this work?"})," Firstly we subtract 1 from the length (indices run from\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"\u27e80 ; l - 1\u27e9"}),", since table is zero-indexed). Therefore if we do ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"binary and"})," on\nany number, we always get a valid index within the table. Let's find the index\nfor our hash:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"0xDEADBEEF & 0xFFFF = 0xBEEF\n"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["not true ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-2",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["also not true ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-3",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["actually the first of its kind (the self-balanced trees) ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-3","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 3",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-4",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Rust chose to implement this instead of the common choice of the red-black\nor AVL tree; main difference lies in the fact that B-trees are not binary\ntrees ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-4","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 4",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-5",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["This, of course, does not hold true for the educational implementations of\nthe hash tables where conflicts are handled by storing the items in the\nlinked lists. In practice linked lists are not that commonly used for\naddressing this issue as it has even worse impact on the efficiency of the\ndata structure. ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-5","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 5",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-6",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["My guess is not very good, or it's really bad\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-6","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 6",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-7",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/hash",children:"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/hash"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-7","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 7",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,s.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>r});var s=n(67294);const a={},i=s.createContext(a);function r(e){const t=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function o(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:r(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[3731],{48157:(e,t,n)=>{n.r(t),n.d(t,{assets:()=>h,contentTitle:()=>r,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=n(85893),a=n(11151);const i={id:"breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",title:"Breaking hash table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:new Date("2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z")}},r=void 0,o={id:"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/breaking",title:"Breaking hash table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",source:"@site/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/index.md",sourceDirName:"12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/index.md",tags:[{label:"cpp",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/cpp"},{label:"python",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/python"},{label:"hash-tables",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/hash-tables"}],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1701129600,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 28, 2023",frontMatter:{id:"breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking",title:"Breaking hash table",description:"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:"2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z"}},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Hash Tables",permalink:"/algorithms/category/hash-tables"},next:{title:"Breaking Python",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python"}},h={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Hash Table v. Trees",id:"hash-table-v-trees",level:2},{value:"Requirements",id:"requirements",level:3},{value:"Underlying data structure",id:"underlying-data-structure",level:3},{value:"Major Factors of Hash Tables",id:"major-factors-of-hash-tables",level:2},{value:"Hash functions",id:"hash-functions",level:3},{value:"Implementation details",id:"implementation-details",level:3}];function c(e){const t={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",annotation:"annotation",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",li:"li",math:"math",mi:"mi",mo:"mo",mrow:"mrow",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",semantics:"semantics",span:"span",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will try to break a hash table and discuss possible ways how to prevent such\nissues to occur."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash tables are very commonly used to represent sets or dictionaries. Even when\nyou look up solution to some problem that requires set or dictionary, it is more\nthan likely that you'll find something that references usage of the hash table.\nYou might think it's the only possible option",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1",id:"user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})}),", or it's the best one",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2",id:"user-content-fnref-2","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"2"})}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["One of the reasons to prefer hash tables over any other representation is the\nfact that they are ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"supposed"})," to be faster than the alternatives, but the\ntruth lies somewhere in between."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["One of the other possible implementations of the set is a balanced tree. Majorly\noccurring implementations rely on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"red-black tree"}),", but you may see also\nothers like an ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"AVL tree"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-3",id:"user-content-fnref-3","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"3"})})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"B-tree"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-4",id:"user-content-fnref-4","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"4"})}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"hash-table-v-trees",children:"Hash Table v. Trees"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The most interesting part are the differences between their implementations. Why\nshould you choose hash table, or why should you choose the tree implementation?\nLet's compare the differences one by one."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["We will start with the fundamentals on which the underlying data structures\nrely. We can also consider them as ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"requirements"})," that must be met to be able to\nuse the underlying data structure."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash table relies on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"hash function"})," that is supposed to distribute the keys\nin such way that they're evenly spread across the slots where the keys (or\npairs, for dictionary) are stored, but at the same time they're somewhat unique,\nso no clustering occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Trees depend on the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"ordering"})," of the elements. They maintain the elements in\na sorted fashion, so for any pair of the elements that are used as keys, you\nneed to be able to decide which one of them is ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"smaller or equal to"})," the other."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash function can be easily created by using the bits that ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"uniquely"})," identify\na unique element. On the other hand, ordering may not be as easy to define."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{title:"Example",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If you are familiar with complex numbers, they are a great example of a key that\ndoes not have ordering (unless you go element-wise for the sake of storing them\nin a tree; though the ordering ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"is not"})," defined on them)."]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Hashing them is much easier though, you can just \u201ccombine\u201d the hashes of the\nreal and imaginary parts of the complex number to get a hash of the complex\nnumber itself."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"underlying-data-structure",children:"Underlying data structure"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["The most obvious difference is the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"core"})," of the idea behind these data\nstructures. Hash tables rely on data being stored in one continuous piece of\nmemory (the array) where you can \u201cguess\u201d (by using the hash function) the\nlocation of what you're looking for in a constant time and also access that\nlocation in the, said, constant time",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-5",id:"user-content-fnref-5","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"5"})}),". In case the hash function is\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"not good enough"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-6",id:"user-content-fnref-6","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"6"})}),", you need to go in ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"blind"}),", and if it comes to the worst,\ncheck everything."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"tl;dr",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I know where should I look"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I can look there instantenously"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"If my guesses are very wrong, I might need to check everything"}),"\n"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["On the other hand, tree implementations rely on the self-balancing trees in\nwhich you don't get as ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"amazing"})," results as with the hash table, but they're\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"consistent"}),". Given that we have a self-balancing tree, the height of the tree\nis same for ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"every"})," input and therefore checking for any element can take the\nsame time even in the worst case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"tl;dr",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I don't know where to look"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"I know how to get there"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Wherever I look, it takes me about the same time"}),"\n"]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's compare side by side:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"time complexity"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"hash table"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"tree"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"expected"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"constant"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"depends on the height"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"worst-case"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"gotta check everything"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"depends on the height"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"major-factors-of-hash-tables",children:"Major Factors of Hash Tables"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at the major factors that affect the efficiency and\nfunctioning of a hash table. We have already mentioned the hash function that\nplays a crucial role, but there are also different ways how you can implement\na hash table, so we will have a look at those too."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"hash-functions",children:"Hash functions"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"info",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will start with a definition of hash function in a mathematical definition\nand type signature in some known language:"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"katex-display",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"katex",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"katex-mathml",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.math,{xmlns:"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML",display:"block",children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.semantics,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.mrow,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{children:"h"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mo,{children:":"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{children:"T"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mo,{children:"\u2192"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.mi,{mathvariant:"double-struck",children:"N"})]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.annotation,{encoding:"application/x-tex",children:" h : T \\rightarrow \\mathbb{N}"})]})})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"katex-html","aria-hidden":"true",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6944em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",children:"h"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mrel",children:":"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6833em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathnormal",style:{marginRight:"0.13889em"},children:"T"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mrel",children:"\u2192"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mspace",style:{marginRight:"0.2778em"}})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.span,{className:"base",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"strut",style:{height:"0.6889em"}}),(0,s.jsx)(t.span,{className:"mord mathbb",children:"N"})]})]})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["For a type signature we will just take the declaration from C++",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-7",id:"user-content-fnref-7","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"7"})}),":"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-cpp",children:"std::size_t operator()(const T& key) const;\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If you compare with the mathematical definition, it is very similar, except for\nthe fact that the memory is not unlimited, so the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"natural number"})," turned into\nan ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"unsigned integer type"})," (on majority of platforms it will be a 64-bit\nunsigned integer)."]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"As we have already touched above, hash function gives \u201ca guess\u201d where to look\nfor the key (either when doing a look up, or for insertion to guess a suitable\nspot for the insertion)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Hash functions are expected to have a so-called ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"avalanche effect"})," which means\nthat the smallest change to the key should result in a massive change of hash.\nAvalanche effect technically guarantees that even when your data are clustered\ntogether, it should lower the amount of conflicts that can occur."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"Exercise for the reader",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Try to give an example of a hash function that is not good at all."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"implementation-details",children:"Implementation details"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"There are different variations of the hash tables. You've more than likely seen\nan implementation that keeps linked lists for buckets. However there are also\nother variations that use probing instead."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"With regards to the implementation details, we need to mention the fact that\neven with the bounded hash (as we could've seen above), you're not likely to\nhave all the buckets for different hashes available. Most common approach to\nthis is having a smaller set of buckets and modifying the hash to fit within."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One of the most common approaches is to keep lengths of the hash tables in the\npowers of 2 which allows bit-masking to take place."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{title:"Example",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Let's say we're given ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"h = 0xDEADBEEF"})," and we have ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"l = 65536=2^16"})," spots in our\nhash table. What can we do here?"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Well, we definitely have a bigger hash than spots available, so we need to\n\u201cshrink\u201d it somehow. The most common practice is to take the lower bits of the\nhash to represent an index in the table:"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"h & (l - 1)\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Why does this work?"})," Firstly we subtract 1 from the length (indices run from\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"\u27e80 ; l - 1\u27e9"}),", since table is zero-indexed). Therefore if we do ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"binary and"})," on\nany number, we always get a valid index within the table. Let's find the index\nfor our hash:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"0xDEADBEEF & 0xFFFF = 0xBEEF\n"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["not true ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-2",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["also not true ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-3",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["actually the first of its kind (the self-balanced trees) ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-3","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 3",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-4",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Rust chose to implement this instead of the common choice of the red-black\nor AVL tree; main difference lies in the fact that B-trees are not binary\ntrees ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-4","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 4",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-5",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["This, of course, does not hold true for the educational implementations of\nthe hash tables where conflicts are handled by storing the items in the\nlinked lists. In practice linked lists are not that commonly used for\naddressing this issue as it has even worse impact on the efficiency of the\ndata structure. ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-5","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 5",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-6",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["My guess is not very good, or it's really bad\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-6","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 6",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-7",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/hash",children:"https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/hash"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-7","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 7",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,a.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,s.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>r});var s=n(67294);const a={},i=s.createContext(a);function r(e){const t=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function o(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(a):e.components||a:r(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/1535ede8.dab6b1f6.js b/assets/js/1535ede8.dab6b1f6.js deleted file mode 100644 index b4fec64..0000000 --- a/assets/js/1535ede8.dab6b1f6.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5376],{44969:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>l});var s=t(85893),i=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},o=void 0,a={id:"bonuses/seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/10.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-10",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/10.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1717356877,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 2, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"},next:{title:"Practice Exams",permalink:"/c/category/practice-exams"}},c={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Project",id:"project",level:2},{value:"Summary of the gameplay",id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",level:3},{value:"Suggested workflow",id:"suggested-workflow",level:2},{value:"Tasks",id:"tasks",level:2},{value:"Dictionary",id:"dictionary",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you are given almost finished project - The Hangman Game. Your\ntask is to try the game, in case you find any bugs point them out and cover as\nmuch of the game as possible with tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Item"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Bonus"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Fixing bugs from failing tests"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.25"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Hidden bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Extending tests, undetectable bugs or evil bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.37"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Refactor"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.38"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"project",children:"Project"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Project consists of 2 source files - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"})," is quite short and concise, there is nothing for you to do."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," contains implementation of the game. In case you feel lost, consult\nthe documentation in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.h"})," that represents an interface that can be used\nfor implementing the game."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Apart from those sources this project is a bit more complicated. ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Game loop"})," is\nrealised via single encapsulated function that complicates the testing. Because\nof that, there are 2 kinds of tests:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Unit tests"})," - that are present in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test_hangman.c"})," and can be run via:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-unit\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They cover majorly functions that can be tested easily via testing framework."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Functional tests"})," - same as in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-08"})," and are focused on testing the\nprogram as whole. Basic smoke test is already included in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"usage"})," test case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-functional\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When testing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman"})," function (the game loop), it is suggested to create\nfunctional tests."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When submitting the files for review, please leave out functional tests that\nwere given as a part of the assignment, so that it is easier to navigate, I\nwill drag the common files myself. :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Whole test suite can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",children:"Summary of the gameplay"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Secret word gets chosen from the file that's path is given as an argument."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"You get 8 guesses."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Invalid characters don't count."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Already guessed characters don't count, even if not included in the secret."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["You can guess the whole word at once","\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you get it right, you won, game ends."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you don't get it right, you get to see the secret, game ends."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of end of input, game finishes via force."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of invalid input, no guesses are subtracted, game carries on."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Letters and words are not case sensitive."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"suggested-workflow",children:"Suggested workflow"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As we have talked about on the seminar, I suggest you to follow\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Test-Driven Development"}),"\nin this case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"TDD workflow",src:t(27420).Z+"",width:"2814",height:"1652"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In our current scenario we are already in the stage of refactoring and fixing the\nbugs. Therefore try to follow this succession of steps:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Try to reproduce the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Create a test that proves the presence of the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fix the bug."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are submitting the bonus via GitLab, it is helpful to commit tests\nbefore commiting the fixes, so that it is apparent that the bug is manifested.\nExample of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git log"})," (notice that the first line represents latest commit):"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"feat: Implement fizz_buzzer\ntest: Add tests for fizz_buzzer\nfix: Fix NULL-check in print_name\ntest: Add test for NULL in print_name\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tasks",children:"Tasks"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As to your tasks, there are multiple things wrong in this project."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'There are 2 "bugs" that cannot be detected via tests, i.e. they are not bugs\nthat affect functionality of the game.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There is one evil bug in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"}),". It is not required to be fixed ;) Assign\nit the lowest priority."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are some tests failing. Please try to figure it out, so you have green\ntests for the rest :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["We have gotten a bug report for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"}),", all we got is"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["doesn't work when there are too many ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"a"}),"s"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Please try to replicate the bug and create a tests, so we don't get any\nregression later on."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One hidden bug :) Closely non-specified, we cannot reproduce it and we were\ndrunk while playing the game, so we don't remember a thing. :/"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Try to cover as much code via the tests as possible. We are not going to look\nat the metrics, but DRY is violated a lot, so as a last task try to remove as\nmuch of the duplicit code as possible."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Tests should help you a lot in case there are some regressions."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you wonder why there are always 3 same words in the file with words, it\nis because of the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"})," bug. It is not a bug that can be easily fixed, so\nit is a not requirement at all and you can still get all points for the bonus ;)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dictionary",children:"Dictionary"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing",children:"Functional tests"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_testing_%28software%29",children:"Smoke test"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself",children:"DRY"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},27420:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>s});const s=t.p+"assets/images/tdd_lifecycle-327ad9ee0ed8318ed11e19a28e02b2cc.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>o});var s=t(67294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function o(e){const n=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:o(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/1535ede8.f98e1593.js b/assets/js/1535ede8.f98e1593.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5bc6731 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/1535ede8.f98e1593.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5376],{44969:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>l});var s=t(85893),i=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},o=void 0,a={id:"bonuses/seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/10.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-10",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/10.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1718298714,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 13, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"},next:{title:"Practice Exams",permalink:"/c/category/practice-exams"}},c={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Project",id:"project",level:2},{value:"Summary of the gameplay",id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",level:3},{value:"Suggested workflow",id:"suggested-workflow",level:2},{value:"Tasks",id:"tasks",level:2},{value:"Dictionary",id:"dictionary",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you are given almost finished project - The Hangman Game. Your\ntask is to try the game, in case you find any bugs point them out and cover as\nmuch of the game as possible with tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Item"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Bonus"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Fixing bugs from failing tests"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.25"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Hidden bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Extending tests, undetectable bugs or evil bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.37"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Refactor"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.38"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"project",children:"Project"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Project consists of 2 source files - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"})," is quite short and concise, there is nothing for you to do."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," contains implementation of the game. In case you feel lost, consult\nthe documentation in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.h"})," that represents an interface that can be used\nfor implementing the game."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Apart from those sources this project is a bit more complicated. ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Game loop"})," is\nrealised via single encapsulated function that complicates the testing. Because\nof that, there are 2 kinds of tests:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Unit tests"})," - that are present in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test_hangman.c"})," and can be run via:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-unit\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They cover majorly functions that can be tested easily via testing framework."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Functional tests"})," - same as in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-08"})," and are focused on testing the\nprogram as whole. Basic smoke test is already included in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"usage"})," test case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-functional\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When testing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman"})," function (the game loop), it is suggested to create\nfunctional tests."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When submitting the files for review, please leave out functional tests that\nwere given as a part of the assignment, so that it is easier to navigate, I\nwill drag the common files myself. :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Whole test suite can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",children:"Summary of the gameplay"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Secret word gets chosen from the file that's path is given as an argument."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"You get 8 guesses."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Invalid characters don't count."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Already guessed characters don't count, even if not included in the secret."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["You can guess the whole word at once","\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you get it right, you won, game ends."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you don't get it right, you get to see the secret, game ends."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of end of input, game finishes via force."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of invalid input, no guesses are subtracted, game carries on."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Letters and words are not case sensitive."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"suggested-workflow",children:"Suggested workflow"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As we have talked about on the seminar, I suggest you to follow\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Test-Driven Development"}),"\nin this case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"TDD workflow",src:t(27420).Z+"",width:"2814",height:"1652"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In our current scenario we are already in the stage of refactoring and fixing the\nbugs. Therefore try to follow this succession of steps:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Try to reproduce the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Create a test that proves the presence of the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fix the bug."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are submitting the bonus via GitLab, it is helpful to commit tests\nbefore commiting the fixes, so that it is apparent that the bug is manifested.\nExample of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git log"})," (notice that the first line represents latest commit):"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"feat: Implement fizz_buzzer\ntest: Add tests for fizz_buzzer\nfix: Fix NULL-check in print_name\ntest: Add test for NULL in print_name\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tasks",children:"Tasks"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As to your tasks, there are multiple things wrong in this project."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'There are 2 "bugs" that cannot be detected via tests, i.e. they are not bugs\nthat affect functionality of the game.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There is one evil bug in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"}),". It is not required to be fixed ;) Assign\nit the lowest priority."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are some tests failing. Please try to figure it out, so you have green\ntests for the rest :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["We have gotten a bug report for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"}),", all we got is"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["doesn't work when there are too many ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"a"}),"s"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Please try to replicate the bug and create a tests, so we don't get any\nregression later on."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One hidden bug :) Closely non-specified, we cannot reproduce it and we were\ndrunk while playing the game, so we don't remember a thing. :/"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Try to cover as much code via the tests as possible. We are not going to look\nat the metrics, but DRY is violated a lot, so as a last task try to remove as\nmuch of the duplicit code as possible."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Tests should help you a lot in case there are some regressions."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you wonder why there are always 3 same words in the file with words, it\nis because of the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"})," bug. 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Even if they are on separate branch, they\ntake up the space."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"testing",children:"Testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For testing you are provided with python script (requires ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"click"})," to be installed:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip3 install --user click"}),") and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Makefile"})," that provides following targets:"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting-bonus"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests with bonus implemented"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check"})," - runs both ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting-bonus"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"clean"})," - removes output files from the test runs"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",children:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your first task is to make smallish program that counts occurences of specific\n(or given) word from file and writes the number to other file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Usage of the program is:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Usage: ./counting [string-to-be-counted]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Arguments that are passed to the program represent:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we count the words"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we output the count"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["(optional argument) ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"[string-to-be-counted]"})," - in case you implement bonus,\notherwise we default to word ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ananas"})," ;)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In skeleton you are given 3 empty, but documented, functions to implement."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," - function accepts input file and substring to be counted in\nthe file, returns the count."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"})," - same as ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),", but specialized for ananases, the\ndefault implementation from the skeleton expects you to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),"\nand therefore it just calls the other function."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"write_number"})," - function that writes the number to the file, why would you\nneed the function is explained later :)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For manipulation with the files you are only allowed to use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fopen"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fclose"}),",\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fgetc"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fputc"}),". Functions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fprintf"})," (except for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"stderr"})," or logging) and\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fscanf"})," are ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"forbidden"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you struggle and want to use one of those functions, the solution will be\npenalized by 50% of points."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bonus-part-075-k",children:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Bonus part of this assignment is to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," rather than ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Smaller hint: This task does not need dynamic allocation :) You just need one\ngood helper function and the right idea ;)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",children:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task we are crossing our paths with ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"algorithms and data structures"}),".\nYour task is to write a program that constructs tree from the file that is given\nas an argument and pretty-prints it."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Input file consists of lines, that include ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"rank"})," in form ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key;rank"}),"\nor ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),". Why would we have ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"})," in a file? The file represents pre-order iteration\nthrough the tree. Leaves never have rank different than 0, so you can safely assume\n2 non-existing ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),"s in the input after you read such node ;)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)("table",{children:[(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Example input file"}),(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Tree it represents"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8;4\n5;3\n3;2\n2;1\n1;0\nnil\n4;0\n7;1\n6;0\nnil\n11;2\n10;1\n9;0\nnil\n12;0\n"})})}),(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"tree",src:t(30073).Z+"",width:"633",height:"684"})})})]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task you are only provided with different trees in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test-trees"})," directory.\nImplementation and format of the pretty-print is totally up to you. :)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example of mine for the tree above:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8 (rank = 4)\n+-- 5 (rank = 3)\n| +-- 3 (rank = 2)\n| | +-- 2 (rank = 1)\n| | | +-- 1 (rank = 0)\n| | +-- 4 (rank = 0)\n| +-- 7 (rank = 1)\n| +-- 6 (rank = 0)\n+-- 11 (rank = 2)\n +-- 10 (rank = 1)\n | +-- 9 (rank = 0)\n +-- 12 (rank = 0)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Can you find out what are those trees? :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},30073:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>i});const i=t.p+"assets/images/tree-c9e37f87f9095c00fad33ea034485ce6.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>c,a:()=>o});var i=t(67294);const s={},r=i.createContext(s);function o(e){const n=i.useContext(r);return i.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function c(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:o(e.components),i.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/595c7293.8603a114.js b/assets/js/595c7293.8603a114.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7c232d --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/595c7293.8603a114.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5634],{58396:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>c,toc:()=>l});var i=t(85893),s=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},o="8th seminar bonus assignment",c={id:"bonuses/seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/08.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-08",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/08.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1718298714,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 13, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"5th and 6th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06"},next:{title:"10th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10"}},a={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Warning",id:"warning",level:2},{value:"Testing",id:"testing",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",level:2},{value:"Requirements",id:"requirements",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-075-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"8th-seminar-bonus-assignment",children:"8th seminar bonus assignment"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you can implement two tasks, one of them has a bonus part with generic\nsolution."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One is focused on counting ananas or in case of generic version any substring in\nthe file, but with a restriction on the function you use."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Other one has a more algorithmic spirit."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"warning",children:"Warning"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"DO NOT COMMIT test data"})," to your own git repository, since the tests include\nfiles that exceed 10MB by themselves. Even if they are on separate branch, they\ntake up the space."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"testing",children:"Testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For testing you are provided with python script (requires ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"click"})," to be installed:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip3 install --user click"}),") and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Makefile"})," that provides following targets:"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting-bonus"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests with bonus implemented"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check"})," - runs both ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting-bonus"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"clean"})," - removes output files from the test runs"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",children:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your first task is to make smallish program that counts occurences of specific\n(or given) word from file and writes the number to other file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Usage of the program is:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Usage: ./counting [string-to-be-counted]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Arguments that are passed to the program represent:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we count the words"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we output the count"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["(optional argument) ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"[string-to-be-counted]"})," - in case you implement bonus,\notherwise we default to word ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ananas"})," ;)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In skeleton you are given 3 empty, but documented, functions to implement."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," - function accepts input file and substring to be counted in\nthe file, returns the count."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"})," - same as ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),", but specialized for ananases, the\ndefault implementation from the skeleton expects you to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),"\nand therefore it just calls the other function."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"write_number"})," - function that writes the number to the file, why would you\nneed the function is explained later :)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For manipulation with the files you are only allowed to use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fopen"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fclose"}),",\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fgetc"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fputc"}),". Functions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fprintf"})," (except for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"stderr"})," or logging) and\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fscanf"})," are ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"forbidden"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you struggle and want to use one of those functions, the solution will be\npenalized by 50% of points."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bonus-part-075-k",children:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Bonus part of this assignment is to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," rather than ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Smaller hint: This task does not need dynamic allocation :) You just need one\ngood helper function and the right idea ;)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",children:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task we are crossing our paths with ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"algorithms and data structures"}),".\nYour task is to write a program that constructs tree from the file that is given\nas an argument and pretty-prints it."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Input file consists of lines, that include ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"rank"})," in form ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key;rank"}),"\nor ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),". Why would we have ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"})," in a file? The file represents pre-order iteration\nthrough the tree. Leaves never have rank different than 0, so you can safely assume\n2 non-existing ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),"s in the input after you read such node ;)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)("table",{children:[(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Example input file"}),(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Tree it represents"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8;4\n5;3\n3;2\n2;1\n1;0\nnil\n4;0\n7;1\n6;0\nnil\n11;2\n10;1\n9;0\nnil\n12;0\n"})})}),(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"tree",src:t(30073).Z+"",width:"633",height:"684"})})})]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task you are only provided with different trees in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test-trees"})," directory.\nImplementation and format of the pretty-print is totally up to you. :)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example of mine for the tree 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table.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking"},{"id":"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/python","title":"Breaking Python","description":"Actually getting the worst-case time complexity in Python.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python"},{"id":"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/mitigations","title":"Possible Mitigations","description":"Talking about the ways how to prevent the attacks on the hash table.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations"},{"id":"recursion/2022-11-29-karel/karel","title":"Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel","description":"A problem with too many restrictions.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/recursion/karel"},{"id":"recursion/2022-11-29-karel/solution","title":"Solution to the problem","description":"Solving the problem introduced in the previous post.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution"},{"id":"time-complexity/extend","title":"Time complexity of \u2039extend\u203a","description":"How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/time-complexity/extend"},{"id":"algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity","title":"Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms","description":"Debugging and testing with precise postconditions.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity"}],"unlisted":false}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[9066],{72232:i=>{i.exports=JSON.parse('{"label":"python","permalink":"/algorithms/tags/python","allTagsPath":"/algorithms/tags","count":7,"items":[{"id":"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/breaking","title":"Breaking hash table","description":"How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking"},{"id":"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/python","title":"Breaking Python","description":"Actually getting the worst-case time complexity in Python.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python"},{"id":"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/mitigations","title":"Possible Mitigations","description":"Talking about the ways how to prevent the attacks on the hash table.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations"},{"id":"recursion/2022-11-29-karel/karel","title":"Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel","description":"A problem with too many restrictions.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/recursion/karel"},{"id":"recursion/2022-11-29-karel/solution","title":"Solution to the problem","description":"Solving the problem introduced in the previous post.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution"},{"id":"time-complexity/extend","title":"Time complexity of \u2039extend\u203a","description":"How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly.\\n","permalink":"/algorithms/time-complexity/extend"},{"id":"algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity","title":"Vague postconditions and proving correctness 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Python"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Our language of choice for bringing the worst out of the hash table is ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Python"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Let's start by talking about the hash function and why we've chosen Python for\nthis. Hash function for integers in Python is simply ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"identity"}),", as you might've\nguessed, there's no avalanche effect. Another thing that helps us is the fact\nthat integers in Python are technically ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"BigInt"}),"s",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1",id:"user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})}),". This allows us to put bit\nmore pressure on the hashing function."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["From the perspective of the implementation, it is a hash table that uses probing\nto resolve conflicts. This also means that it's a contiguous space in memory.\nIndexing works like in the provided example above. When the hash table reaches\na ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"breaking point"})," (defined somewhere in the C code), it reallocates the table\nand rehashes everything."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Resizing and rehashing can reduce the conflicts. That is coming from the fact\nthat the position in the table is determined by the hash and the size of the\ntable itself."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"preparing-the-attack",children:"Preparing the attack"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Knowing the things above, it is not that hard to construct a method how to cause\nas many conflicts as possible. Let's go over it:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We know that integers are hashed to themselves."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We also know that from that hash we use only lower bits that are used as\nindices."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We also know that there's a rehashing on resize that could possibly fix the\nconflicts."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will test with different sequences:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"ordered one, numbers through 1 to N"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"ordered one in a reversed order, numbers through N back to 1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, so they create conflicts until resize"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, but resizing helps only in the end"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, but they won't be taken in account even\nafter final resize"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"For each of these sequences, we will insert 10\u2077 elements and look each of them\nup for 10 times in a row."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["As a base of our benchmark, we will use a ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"Strategy"})," class and then for each\nstrategy we will just implement the sequence of numbers that it uses:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:'class Strategy:\n def __init__(self, data_structure=set):\n self._table = data_structure()\n\n @cached_property\n def elements(self):\n raise NotImplementedError("Implement for each strategy")\n\n @property\n def name(self):\n raise NotImplementedError("Implement for each strategy")\n\n def run(self):\n print(f"\\nBenchmarking:\\t\\t{self.name}")\n\n # Extract the elements here, so that the evaluation of them does not\n # slow down the relevant part of benchmark\n elements = self.elements\n\n # Insertion phase\n start = monotonic_ns()\n for x in elements:\n self._table.add(x)\n after_insertion = monotonic_ns()\n\n print(f"Insertion phase:\\t{(after_insertion - start) / 1000000:.2f}ms")\n\n # Lookup phase\n start = monotonic_ns()\n for _ in range(LOOPS):\n for x in elements:\n assert x in self._table\n after_lookups = monotonic_ns()\n\n print(f"Lookup phase:\\t\\t{(after_lookups - start) / 1000000:.2f}ms")\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"sequences",children:"Sequences"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at how we generate the numbers to be inserted:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["ordered sequence (ascending)","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["ordered sequence (descending)","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x for x in reversed(range(N_ELEMENTS))\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d on resize","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"(x << max(5, x.bit_length())) for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d in the end","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"(x << max(5, x.bit_length())) for x in reversed(range(N_ELEMENTS))\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["conflicts everywhere","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x << 32 for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"results",children:"Results"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at the obtained results after running the code:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"Technique"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion phase"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup phase"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered sequence (ascending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"558.60ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3304.26ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered sequence (descending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"554.08ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3365.84ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d on resize"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3781.30ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"28565.71ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d in the end"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3280.38ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"26494.61ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"conflicts everywhere"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"4027.54ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"29132.92ms"})})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"You can see a noticable \u201cjump\u201d in the time after switching to the \u201cprogressive\u201d\nsequence. The last sequence that has conflicts all the time has the worst time,\neven though it's rather comparable with the first progressive sequence with\nregards to the insertion phase."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If we were to compare the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"always conflicting"})," one with the first one, we can\nsee that insertion took over 7\xd7 longer and lookups almost 9\xd7 longer."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["You can have a look at the code ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"pathname:///files/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/benchmark.py",children:"here"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"comparing-with-the-tree",children:"Comparing with the tree"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Source code can be found ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"pathname:///files/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/benchmark.cpp",children:"here"}),"."]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Viewer discretion advised."})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Python doesn't have a tree structure for sets/maps implemented, therefore for\na comparison we will run a similar benchmark in C++. By running the same\nsequences on both hash table and tree (RB-tree) we will obtain the following\nresults:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"Technique"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion (hash)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup (hash)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion (tree)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup (tree)"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered (ascending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"316ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"298ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2098ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"5914ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered (descending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"259ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"315ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1958ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"14747ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive a)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1152ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"6021ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2581ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"16074ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive b)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1041ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"6096ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2770ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"15986ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"conflicts"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"964ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1633ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2559ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"13285ms"})})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{type:"note",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We can't forget that implementation details be involved. Hash function is still\nthe identity, to my knowledge."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One interesting thing to notice is the fact that the progressive sequences took\nthe most time in lookups (which is not same as in the Python)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Now, if we have a look at the tree implementation, we can notice two very\ndistinctive things:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["Tree implementations are not affected by the input, therefore (except for the\nfirst sequence) we can see ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"very consistent"})," times."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Compared to the hash table the times are much higher and not very ideal."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The reason for the 2nd point may not be very obvious. From the technical\nperspective it makes some sense. Let's dive into it!"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If we take a hash table, it is an array in a memory, therefore it is contiguous\npiece of memory. (For more information I'd suggest looking into the 1st blog\npost below in references section by ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Bjarne Stroustrup"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["On the other hand, if we take a look at the tree, each node holds some\nattributes and pointers to the left and right descendants of itself. Even if we\nmaintain a reasonable height of the tree (keep the tree balanced), we still need\nto follow the pointers which point to the nodes ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"somewhere"})," on the heap. When\ntraversing the tree, we get a consistent time complexity, but at the expense of\njumping between the nodes on the heap which takes some time."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This is not supposed to leverage the hash table and try to persuade people not\nto use the tree representations. There are benefits coming from the respective\ndata structures, even if the time is not the best."}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Overall if we compare the worst-case time complexities of the tree and hash\ntable, tree representation comes off better."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"Challenge",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Try to benchmark with the similar approach in the Rust. Since Rust uses\ndifferent hash function, it would be the best to just override the hash, this\nway you can also avoid the hard part of this attack (making up the numbers that\nwill collide)."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["Bjarne Stroustrup.\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#list",children:"Are lists evil?"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Arbitrary-sized integers, they can get as big as your memory allows. ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,s.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>h});var s=n(67294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function h(e){const t=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function l(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:h(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[7257],{90251:(e,t,n)=>{n.r(t),n.d(t,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>h,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>l,toc:()=>o});var s=n(85893),i=n(11151);const r={id:"python",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking/python",title:"Breaking Python",description:"Actually getting the worst-case time complexity in Python.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:new Date("2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z")}},h="Breaking the Hash Table in Python",l={id:"hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/python",title:"Breaking Python",description:"Actually getting the worst-case time complexity in Python.\n",source:"@site/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/01-python.md",sourceDirName:"12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking/python",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/algorithms/12-hash-tables/2023-11-28-breaking/01-python.md",tags:[{label:"cpp",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/cpp"},{label:"python",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/python"},{label:"hash-tables",permalink:"/algorithms/tags/hash-tables"}],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1701129600,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Nov 28, 2023",sidebarPosition:1,frontMatter:{id:"python",slug:"/hash-tables/breaking/python",title:"Breaking Python",description:"Actually getting the worst-case time complexity in Python.\n",tags:["cpp","python","hash-tables"],last_update:{date:"2023-11-28T00:00:00.000Z"}},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Breaking hash table",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking"},next:{title:"Possible Mitigations",permalink:"/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations"}},a={},o=[{value:"Preparing the attack",id:"preparing-the-attack",level:2},{value:"Sequences",id:"sequences",level:3},{value:"Results",id:"results",level:2},{value:"Comparing with the tree",id:"comparing-with-the-tree",level:2},{value:"References",id:"references",level:2}];function c(e){const t={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h1,{id:"breaking-the-hash-table-in-python",children:"Breaking the Hash Table in Python"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Our language of choice for bringing the worst out of the hash table is ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Python"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Let's start by talking about the hash function and why we've chosen Python for\nthis. Hash function for integers in Python is simply ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"identity"}),", as you might've\nguessed, there's no avalanche effect. Another thing that helps us is the fact\nthat integers in Python are technically ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"BigInt"}),"s",(0,s.jsx)(t.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1",id:"user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})}),". This allows us to put bit\nmore pressure on the hashing function."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["From the perspective of the implementation, it is a hash table that uses probing\nto resolve conflicts. This also means that it's a contiguous space in memory.\nIndexing works like in the provided example above. When the hash table reaches\na ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"breaking point"})," (defined somewhere in the C code), it reallocates the table\nand rehashes everything."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Resizing and rehashing can reduce the conflicts. That is coming from the fact\nthat the position in the table is determined by the hash and the size of the\ntable itself."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"preparing-the-attack",children:"Preparing the attack"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Knowing the things above, it is not that hard to construct a method how to cause\nas many conflicts as possible. Let's go over it:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We know that integers are hashed to themselves."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We also know that from that hash we use only lower bits that are used as\nindices."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"We also know that there's a rehashing on resize that could possibly fix the\nconflicts."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We will test with different sequences:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"ordered one, numbers through 1 to N"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"ordered one in a reversed order, numbers through N back to 1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, so they create conflicts until resize"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, but resizing helps only in the end"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"numbers that are shifted to the left, but they won't be taken in account even\nafter final resize"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"For each of these sequences, we will insert 10\u2077 elements and look each of them\nup for 10 times in a row."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["As a base of our benchmark, we will use a ",(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"Strategy"})," class and then for each\nstrategy we will just implement the sequence of numbers that it uses:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:'class Strategy:\n def __init__(self, data_structure=set):\n self._table = data_structure()\n\n @cached_property\n def elements(self):\n raise NotImplementedError("Implement for each strategy")\n\n @property\n def name(self):\n raise NotImplementedError("Implement for each strategy")\n\n def run(self):\n print(f"\\nBenchmarking:\\t\\t{self.name}")\n\n # Extract the elements here, so that the evaluation of them does not\n # slow down the relevant part of benchmark\n elements = self.elements\n\n # Insertion phase\n start = monotonic_ns()\n for x in elements:\n self._table.add(x)\n after_insertion = monotonic_ns()\n\n print(f"Insertion phase:\\t{(after_insertion - start) / 1000000:.2f}ms")\n\n # Lookup phase\n start = monotonic_ns()\n for _ in range(LOOPS):\n for x in elements:\n assert x in self._table\n after_lookups = monotonic_ns()\n\n print(f"Lookup phase:\\t\\t{(after_lookups - start) / 1000000:.2f}ms")\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h3,{id:"sequences",children:"Sequences"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at how we generate the numbers to be inserted:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["ordered sequence (ascending)","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["ordered sequence (descending)","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x for x in reversed(range(N_ELEMENTS))\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d on resize","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"(x << max(5, x.bit_length())) for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d in the end","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"(x << max(5, x.bit_length())) for x in reversed(range(N_ELEMENTS))\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["conflicts everywhere","\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{className:"language-py",children:"x << 32 for x in range(N_ELEMENTS)\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"results",children:"Results"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Let's have a look at the obtained results after running the code:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"Technique"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion phase"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup phase"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered sequence (ascending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"558.60ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3304.26ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered sequence (descending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"554.08ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3365.84ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d on resize"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3781.30ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"28565.71ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive sequence that \u201cheals\u201d in the end"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"3280.38ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"26494.61ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"conflicts everywhere"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"4027.54ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"29132.92ms"})})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"You can see a noticable \u201cjump\u201d in the time after switching to the \u201cprogressive\u201d\nsequence. The last sequence that has conflicts all the time has the worst time,\neven though it's rather comparable with the first progressive sequence with\nregards to the insertion phase."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If we were to compare the ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"always conflicting"})," one with the first one, we can\nsee that insertion took over 7\xd7 longer and lookups almost 9\xd7 longer."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["You can have a look at the code ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"pathname:///files/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/benchmark.py",children:"here"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"comparing-with-the-tree",children:"Comparing with the tree"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Source code can be found ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"pathname:///files/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/benchmark.cpp",children:"here"}),"."]}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Viewer discretion advised."})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Python doesn't have a tree structure for sets/maps implemented, therefore for\na comparison we will run a similar benchmark in C++. By running the same\nsequences on both hash table and tree (RB-tree) we will obtain the following\nresults:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"Technique"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion (hash)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup (hash)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Insertion (tree)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.th,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:"Lookup (tree)"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered (ascending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"316ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"298ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2098ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"5914ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"ordered (descending)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"259ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"315ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1958ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"14747ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive a)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1152ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"6021ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2581ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"16074ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"progressive b)"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1041ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"6096ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2770ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"15986ms"})})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(t.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"center"},children:"conflicts"}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"964ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"1633ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"2559ms"})}),(0,s.jsx)(t.td,{style:{textAlign:"right"},children:(0,s.jsx)(t.code,{children:"13285ms"})})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{type:"note",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"We can't forget that implementation details be involved. Hash function is still\nthe identity, to my knowledge."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"One interesting thing to notice is the fact that the progressive sequences took\nthe most time in lookups (which is not same as in the Python)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Now, if we have a look at the tree implementation, we can notice two very\ndistinctive things:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["Tree implementations are not affected by the input, therefore (except for the\nfirst sequence) we can see ",(0,s.jsx)(t.strong,{children:"very consistent"})," times."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.li,{children:"Compared to the hash table the times are much higher and not very ideal."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"The reason for the 2nd point may not be very obvious. From the technical\nperspective it makes some sense. Let's dive into it!"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["If we take a hash table, it is an array in a memory, therefore it is contiguous\npiece of memory. (For more information I'd suggest looking into the 1st blog\npost below in references section by ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"Bjarne Stroustrup"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["On the other hand, if we take a look at the tree, each node holds some\nattributes and pointers to the left and right descendants of itself. Even if we\nmaintain a reasonable height of the tree (keep the tree balanced), we still need\nto follow the pointers which point to the nodes ",(0,s.jsx)(t.em,{children:"somewhere"})," on the heap. When\ntraversing the tree, we get a consistent time complexity, but at the expense of\njumping between the nodes on the heap which takes some time."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"This is not supposed to leverage the hash table and try to persuade people not\nto use the tree representations. There are benefits coming from the respective\ndata structures, even if the time is not the best."}),(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Overall if we compare the worst-case time complexities of the tree and hash\ntable, tree representation comes off better."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.admonition,{title:"Challenge",type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsx)(t.p,{children:"Try to benchmark with the similar approach in the Rust. Since Rust uses\ndifferent hash function, it would be the best to just override the hash, this\nway you can also avoid the hard part of this attack (making up the numbers that\nwill collide)."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{id:"references",children:"References"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{children:["Bjarne Stroustrup.\n",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"https://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#list",children:"Are lists evil?"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(t.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Arbitrary-sized integers, they can get as big as your memory allows. ",(0,s.jsx)(t.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:t}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return t?(0,s.jsx)(t,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Z:()=>l,a:()=>h});var s=n(67294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function h(e){const t=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(t):{...t,...e}}),[t,e])}function l(e){let t;return t=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:h(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:t},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/b1288602.b6e72a8c.js b/assets/js/b1288602.b6e72a8c.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bffd0b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/b1288602.b6e72a8c.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[59],{51456:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>h});var r=t(85893),s=t(11151);const o={title:"Submitting merge requests"},i="Submitting merge requests for review",a={id:"mr",title:"Submitting merge requests",description:"This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes",source:"@site/c/mr.md",sourceDirName:".",slug:"/mr",permalink:"/c/mr",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/mr.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1718298714,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 13, 2024",frontMatter:{title:"Submitting merge requests"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Practice exam C",permalink:"/c/pexam/cams"}},c={},h=[{value:"Tutorial",id:"tutorial",level:2},{value:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository",id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",level:3},{value:"Step #2 - Create new branch",id:"step-2---create-new-branch",level:3},{value:"Step #3 - Do the assignment",id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",level:3},{value:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab",id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",level:3},{value:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually",id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",level:3},{value:"Step #6 - Set assignees",id:"step-6---set-assignees",level:3},{value:"Step #7 - Return to default branch",id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",level:3}];function l(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"submitting-merge-requests-for-review",children:"Submitting merge requests for review"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes\nthrough ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"})," for review."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The rudimentary idea behind aims for changes to be present on a separate branch\nthat is supposedly ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"merged"})," into the default branch. Till then changes can be reviewed\non ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Request"})," and additional changes may be made based on the reviews. Once\nthe changes satisfy requirements, the merge request is merged."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tutorial",children:"Tutorial"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Use this tutorial only for bonus assignments ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"made by your tutors"})," or in case\nyou need to make up for the absence."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",children:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In your repository (either locally or on aisa) type ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"})," and check if your\nrepository is clean and you are present on the main branch (",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"). If you do not know what your default branch is, it is probably ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),"\nand you should not be on any other branch."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Output of the command should look like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\nOn branch master # Or main or trunk.\nYour branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.\n\nnothing to commit, working tree clean\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are on different branch or there are uncommitted changes,\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"do not continue!!!"})," Clean your repository (commit the changes or discard\nthem), before you continue."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-2---create-new-branch",children:"Step #2 - Create new branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In your repository write command:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git checkout -b BRANCH\nSwitched to a new branch 'BRANCH'\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Instead of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"})," use some reasonable name for the branch. For example if you\nare working on the seminar from 3rd week, name the branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-03"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",children:"Step #3 - Do the assignment"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Download the skeleton for the seminar assignment, extract and program. For example\nif you are working on 3rd seminar, you can do so by:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ wget https://www.fi.muni.cz/pb071/seminars/seminar-03/pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ unzip pb071-seminar-03.zip\n# Now you should have directory 'seminar-03'.\naisa$ rm pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ cd seminar-03\n# You can work on the assignment.\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",children:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The same way you ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"add"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"commit"})," files for the homework assignments, you do for\nthe seminar."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now you can upload the changes to GitLab. ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git push"})," is not enough, since repository\non GitLab does not know your new branch. You can solve this by adding arguments:"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git push origin BRANCH\n...\nremote: To create a merge request for BRANCH, visit:\nremote: https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/login/pb071/merge_requests/new?merge_request%5Bsource_branch%5D=BRANCH\n...\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the output you should have a link for creating a merge request. If you see this\nlink, open it and skip next step."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",children:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Open your repository on GitLab."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["On the left panel click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"New Merge Request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Source branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),", which you created."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Target branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and your default branch you have seen\nin the output of the first command. (most likely ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Compare branches and continue"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-6---set-assignees",children:"Step #6 - Set assignees"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On the page that is opened, please check at the top that you are creating merge\nrequest ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"from"})," your new branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"to"})," your default branch (one of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"}),"\nor ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),")."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Then in the field ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Assignees"})," set your tutors based on the seminar group. You can\nuse login for a quick look up."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In the end click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Submit merge request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",children:"Step #7 - Return to default branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Homework assignments can be submitted only from branches specified in the rules\nfor the course. Because of that, before you do anything else, you should switch\nback to your default branch."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First of all, same as in step #1, check that your repository is clean with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"}),".\nFor the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with command\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git checkout BRANCH"})," switch to your default branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you do not know which branch is your default, try ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git branch"})," that outputs all branches in your repository. Default branch is typically ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", but can\nbe ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\n# Check if repository is clean\n\n# If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.\naisa$ git branch\n# Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or\n# `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.\n# In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can\n# press `q` to quit the pager.\n\naisa$ git checkout master\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Adapted from: ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html",children:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html"})]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,r.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,r.jsx)(l,{...e})}):l(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>i});var r=t(67294);const s={},o=r.createContext(s);function i(e){const n=r.useContext(o);return r.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:i(e.components),r.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/b1288602.b78af3eb.js b/assets/js/b1288602.b78af3eb.js deleted file mode 100644 index 77c8898..0000000 --- a/assets/js/b1288602.b78af3eb.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[59],{51456:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>h});var r=t(85893),s=t(11151);const o={title:"Submitting merge requests"},i="Submitting merge requests for review",a={id:"mr",title:"Submitting merge requests",description:"This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes",source:"@site/c/mr.md",sourceDirName:".",slug:"/mr",permalink:"/c/mr",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/mr.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1717356877,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 2, 2024",frontMatter:{title:"Submitting merge requests"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Practice exam C",permalink:"/c/pexam/cams"}},c={},h=[{value:"Tutorial",id:"tutorial",level:2},{value:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository",id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",level:3},{value:"Step #2 - Create new branch",id:"step-2---create-new-branch",level:3},{value:"Step #3 - Do the assignment",id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",level:3},{value:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab",id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",level:3},{value:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually",id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",level:3},{value:"Step #6 - Set assignees",id:"step-6---set-assignees",level:3},{value:"Step #7 - Return to default branch",id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",level:3}];function l(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"submitting-merge-requests-for-review",children:"Submitting merge requests for review"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes\nthrough ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"})," for review."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The rudimentary idea behind aims for changes to be present on a separate branch\nthat is supposedly ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"merged"})," into the default branch. Till then changes can be reviewed\non ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Request"})," and additional changes may be made based on the reviews. Once\nthe changes satisfy requirements, the merge request is merged."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tutorial",children:"Tutorial"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Use this tutorial only for bonus assignments ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"made by your tutors"})," or in case\nyou need to make up for the absence."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",children:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In your repository (either locally or on aisa) type ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"})," and check if your\nrepository is clean and you are present on the main branch (",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"). If you do not know what your default branch is, it is probably ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),"\nand you should not be on any other branch."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Output of the command should look like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\nOn branch master # Or main or trunk.\nYour branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.\n\nnothing to commit, working tree clean\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are on different branch or there are uncommitted changes,\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"do not continue!!!"})," Clean your repository (commit the changes or discard\nthem), before you continue."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-2---create-new-branch",children:"Step #2 - Create new branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In your repository write command:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git checkout -b BRANCH\nSwitched to a new branch 'BRANCH'\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Instead of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"})," use some reasonable name for the branch. For example if you\nare working on the seminar from 3rd week, name the branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-03"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",children:"Step #3 - Do the assignment"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Download the skeleton for the seminar assignment, extract and program. For example\nif you are working on 3rd seminar, you can do so by:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ wget https://www.fi.muni.cz/pb071/seminars/seminar-03/pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ unzip pb071-seminar-03.zip\n# Now you should have directory 'seminar-03'.\naisa$ rm pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ cd seminar-03\n# You can work on the assignment.\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",children:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The same way you ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"add"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"commit"})," files for the homework assignments, you do for\nthe seminar."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now you can upload the changes to GitLab. ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git push"})," is not enough, since repository\non GitLab does not know your new branch. You can solve this by adding arguments:"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git push origin BRANCH\n...\nremote: To create a merge request for BRANCH, visit:\nremote: https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/login/pb071/merge_requests/new?merge_request%5Bsource_branch%5D=BRANCH\n...\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the output you should have a link for creating a merge request. If you see this\nlink, open it and skip next step."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",children:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Open your repository on GitLab."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["On the left panel click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"New Merge Request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Source branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),", which you created."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Target branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and your default branch you have seen\nin the output of the first command. (most likely ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Compare branches and continue"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-6---set-assignees",children:"Step #6 - Set assignees"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On the page that is opened, please check at the top that you are creating merge\nrequest ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"from"})," your new branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"to"})," your default branch (one of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"}),"\nor ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),")."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Then in the field ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Assignees"})," set your tutors based on the seminar group. You can\nuse login for a quick look up."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In the end click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Submit merge request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",children:"Step #7 - Return to default branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Homework assignments can be submitted only from branches specified in the rules\nfor the course. Because of that, before you do anything else, you should switch\nback to your default branch."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First of all, same as in step #1, check that your repository is clean with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"}),".\nFor the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with command\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git checkout BRANCH"})," switch to your default branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you do not know which branch is your default, try ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git branch"})," that outputs all branches in your repository. Default branch is typically ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", but can\nbe ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\n# Check if repository is clean\n\n# If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.\naisa$ git branch\n# Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or\n# `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.\n# In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can\n# press `q` to quit the pager.\n\naisa$ git checkout master\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Adapted from: ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html",children:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html"})]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,r.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,r.jsx)(l,{...e})}):l(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>i});var r=t(67294);const s={},o=r.createContext(s);function i(e){const n=r.useContext(o);return r.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:i(e.components),r.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/d05e838c.8dc64453.js b/assets/js/d05e838c.8dc64453.js deleted file mode 100644 index c36d85e..0000000 --- a/assets/js/d05e838c.8dc64453.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6544],{63004:(e,n,r)=>{r.r(n),r.d(n,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>c,default:()=>a,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=r(85893),t=r(11151);const i={id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},c=void 0,o={id:"bonuses/seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/05-06.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-05-06",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/05-06.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1717356877,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 2, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"4th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-04"},next:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"}},d={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-05-k",level:4},{value:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",level:3},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",ul:"ul",...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you will implement few functions that will be used together for\nimplementing a very special cipher."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",children:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Write a function ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* reverse(const char* text)"})," that returns copy of the input\nstring in reversed order (also uppercase)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are given ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),", return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example (more in tests):"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char* reversed = reverse("Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", reversed);\n// "!DLROW OLLEH"\n\nif (reversed != NULL) {\n free(reversed);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",children:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Vigen\xe8re cipher is similar to the Caesar cipher, but you also have a key that is\nused for encrypting (or decrypting)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to write two functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for encrypting"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_decrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for decrypting"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In both of those you should return uppercase characters."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Meaning of the parameters you are given:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," - String that represents key that is used for *crypting. It consists of\none word and can have only characters of the alphabet. Does not matter if they\nare uppercase or lowercase."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"text"})," - String that is to be *crypted."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Function returns address of the encrypted (or decrypted) string. Or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"})," in case\nerror occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char *encrypted = vigenere_encrypt("CoMPuTeR", "Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", encrypted);\n// "JSXAI PSINR!"\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted)\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"bonus-part-05-k",children:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you can utilize helper function that would do both encrypting and decrypting,\nyou can gain 0.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Usage of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"true"}),"/",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"false"})," to decide path in code is prohibited. It leads to merging\nof both functions into one. Point of this part is to discover a way to do this\ngenerically in such way that there are no separate paths for one or the other. One\nfunction with no branching for both of them, parametrization is your friend :)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",children:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This is a state of the art crypto. Please do not share :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Split the character that is to be encrypted in halves (4 and 4 bits each)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Bits in 1st half are to be split into pairs. Swap bits in those pairs."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Then use the 4 bits that you created in the 2nd step for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"XOR"})," with the other\n4 bits."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This simple and ingenious principle will be illustrated on the following example.\nString we want to encrypt is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Hello world!"}),". We need to encrypt each letter separately,\nso we will demonstrate on letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," is represented in ASCII as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"})," represented in binary is: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01001000"}),". So first 4 bits are: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"})," and last\n4 bits are ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First half of bits (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"}),") consists of 2 pairs (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00"}),") which we swap\n(",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01 ~> 10"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00 ~> 00"}),"). That way we get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"That half is used for xor with the other 4 bits:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:" 1000 // second half\nXOR 1000 // first half after 2nd step\n--------\n 0000\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now we combine both halves (first one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),", which we got from the 2nd step\nand second one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0000"}),", which we got from the 3rd step) and get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"10000000"}),",\nwhich is encrypted character ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," using this method."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case of decryption, reverse those steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to implement functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bit_encrypt(const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bit_decrypt(const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'unsigned char* encrypted = bit_encrypt("Hello world!");\n\nfor (int i = 0; i < 12;i++) {\n printf("%x ", encrypted[i]);\n //80 9c 95 95 96 11 bc 96 b9 95 9d 10\n}\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",children:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Authors of the BMP cipher are non-disclosed :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Create pair of functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bmp_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bmp_decrypt(const char* key, const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"BMP cipher consists of following steps for encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Reverse the input string"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use Vigenere on the string you got from step #1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use bit madness on the string you got from step #2"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For decrypting, reverse the steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function a(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(h,{...e})}):h(e)}},11151:(e,n,r)=>{r.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>c});var s=r(67294);const t={},i=s.createContext(t);function c(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(t):e.components||t:c(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/d05e838c.b2c84940.js b/assets/js/d05e838c.b2c84940.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a76318 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/d05e838c.b2c84940.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6544],{63004:(e,n,r)=>{r.r(n),r.d(n,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>c,default:()=>a,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=r(85893),t=r(11151);const i={id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},c=void 0,o={id:"bonuses/seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/05-06.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-05-06",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/05-06.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1718298714,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Jun 13, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"4th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-04"},next:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"}},d={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-05-k",level:4},{value:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",level:3},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",ul:"ul",...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you will implement few functions that will be used together for\nimplementing a very special cipher."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",children:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Write a function ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* reverse(const char* text)"})," that returns copy of the input\nstring in reversed order (also uppercase)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are given ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),", return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example (more in tests):"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char* reversed = reverse("Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", reversed);\n// "!DLROW OLLEH"\n\nif (reversed != NULL) {\n free(reversed);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",children:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Vigen\xe8re cipher is similar to the Caesar cipher, but you also have a key that is\nused for encrypting (or decrypting)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to write two functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for encrypting"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_decrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for decrypting"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In both of those you should return uppercase characters."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Meaning of the parameters you are given:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," - String that represents key that is used for *crypting. It consists of\none word and can have only characters of the alphabet. Does not matter if they\nare uppercase or lowercase."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"text"})," - String that is to be *crypted."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Function returns address of the encrypted (or decrypted) string. Or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"})," in case\nerror occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char *encrypted = vigenere_encrypt("CoMPuTeR", "Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", encrypted);\n// "JSXAI PSINR!"\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted)\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"bonus-part-05-k",children:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you can utilize helper function that would do both encrypting and decrypting,\nyou can gain 0.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Usage of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"true"}),"/",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"false"})," to decide path in code is prohibited. It leads to merging\nof both functions into one. Point of this part is to discover a way to do this\ngenerically in such way that there are no separate paths for one or the other. One\nfunction with no branching for both of them, parametrization is your friend :)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",children:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This is a state of the art crypto. Please do not share :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Split the character that is to be encrypted in halves (4 and 4 bits each)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Bits in 1st half are to be split into pairs. Swap bits in those pairs."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Then use the 4 bits that you created in the 2nd step for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"XOR"})," with the other\n4 bits."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This simple and ingenious principle will be illustrated on the following example.\nString we want to encrypt is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Hello world!"}),". We need to encrypt each letter separately,\nso we will demonstrate on letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," is represented in ASCII as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"})," represented in binary is: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01001000"}),". So first 4 bits are: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"})," and last\n4 bits are ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First half of bits (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"}),") consists of 2 pairs (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00"}),") which we swap\n(",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01 ~> 10"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00 ~> 00"}),"). That way we get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"That half is used for xor with the other 4 bits:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:" 1000 // second half\nXOR 1000 // first half after 2nd step\n--------\n 0000\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now we combine both halves (first one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),", which we got from the 2nd step\nand second one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0000"}),", which we got from the 3rd step) and get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"10000000"}),",\nwhich is encrypted character ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," using this method."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case of decryption, reverse those steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to implement functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bit_encrypt(const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bit_decrypt(const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'unsigned char* encrypted = bit_encrypt("Hello world!");\n\nfor (int i = 0; i < 12;i++) {\n printf("%x ", encrypted[i]);\n //80 9c 95 95 96 11 bc 96 b9 95 9d 10\n}\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",children:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Authors of the BMP cipher are non-disclosed :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Create pair of functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bmp_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bmp_decrypt(const char* key, const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"BMP cipher consists of following steps for encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Reverse the input string"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use Vigenere on the string you got from step #1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use bit madness on the string you got from step #2"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For decrypting, reverse the steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function a(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(h,{...e})}):h(e)}},11151:(e,n,r)=>{r.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>c});var s=r(67294);const t={},i=s.createContext(t);function c(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(t):e.components||t:c(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); 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r={"./prism-ada":85795,"./prism-bash":57874,"./prism-csharp":79016,"./prism-dot":60397,"./prism-haskell":81295,"./prism-java":52503,"./prism-nix":58704,"./prism-pascal":13210,"./prism-python":80366,"./prism-ruby":59385,"./prism-rust":70767};function a(e){var t=o(e);return n(t)}function o(e){if(!n.o(r,e)){var t=new Error("Cannot find module '"+e+"'");throw t.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",t}return r[e]}a.keys=function(){return Object.keys(r)},a.resolve=o,e.exports=a,a.id=30218},92703:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";var r=n(50414);function a(){}function o(){}o.resetWarningCache=a,e.exports=function(){function e(e,t,n,a,o,i){if(i!==r){var s=new Error("Calling PropTypes validators directly is not supported by the `prop-types` package. Use PropTypes.checkPropTypes() to call them. Read more at http://fb.me/use-check-prop-types");throw s.name="Invariant Violation",s}}function t(){return e}e.isRequired=e;var n={array:e,bigint:e,bool:e,func:e,number:e,object:e,string:e,symbol:e,any:e,arrayOf:t,element:e,elementType:e,instanceOf:t,node:e,objectOf:t,oneOf:t,oneOfType:t,shape:t,exact:t,checkPropTypes:o,resetWarningCache:a};return n.PropTypes=n,n}},45697:(e,t,n)=>{e.exports=n(92703)()},50414:e=>{"use strict";e.exports="SECRET_DO_NOT_PASS_THIS_OR_YOU_WILL_BE_FIRED"},64448:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";var r=n(67294),a=n(63840);function o(e){for(var t="https://reactjs.org/docs/error-decoder.html?invariant="+e,n=1;n

Submitting​

In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me.

-
+
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Bonuses

Bonus assignments for Kontr Coins. diff --git a/c/category/practice-exams/index.html b/c/category/practice-exams/index.html index 438d53b..14f7b22 100644 --- a/c/category/practice-exams/index.html +++ b/c/category/practice-exams/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Practice Exams

Practice exams for training for the final exam. diff --git a/c/index.html b/c/index.html index b8d744c..9da92f7 100644 --- a/c/index.html +++ b/c/index.html @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ - - + + -

+
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c/mr/index.html b/c/mr/index.html index 79a37c8..5880f49 100644 --- a/c/mr/index.html +++ b/c/mr/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

Submitting merge requests for review

@@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ For the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with comm be main or trunk.

aisa$ git status
# Check if repository is clean

# If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.
aisa$ git branch
# Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or
# `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.
# In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can
# press `q` to quit the pager.

aisa$ git checkout master
-

Adapted from: https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html

+

Adapted from: https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c/pexam/cams/index.html b/c/pexam/cams/index.html index 385c136..dbbb59d 100644 --- a/c/pexam/cams/index.html +++ b/c/pexam/cams/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Watching Cams

diff --git a/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html b/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html index 769cb09..2729e9f 100644 --- a/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html +++ b/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Garbage Collection

diff --git a/contributions/index.html b/contributions/index.html index cfdbbc3..7686039 100644 --- a/contributions/index.html +++ b/contributions/index.html @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ - - + + -

Contributions

Many of my contributions to open-source projects.

flexmock

Description

Flexmock is a testing library for Python that makes it easy to create mocks, stubs, and fakes.

Contribution

I've converted the interception for pytest after they've changed their internal design to use pytest's hook system.

See repository

tmt

Description

The tmt tool provides a user-friendly way to work with tests. You can comfortably create new tests, safely and easily run tests across different environments, review test results, debug test code and enable tests in the CI using a consistent and concise config.

Contribution

Just a smallish contribution to the docs related to the changes implemented on the Packit side.

See repository

Fedora Infrastructure Ansible

Description

Collection of Ansible playbooks that powers the Fedora Infrastructure.

Contribution

I have adjusted the groups in the Bodhi playbooks after Packit has been granted the privileges to propose updates without restrictions.

See repository

Bodhi

Description

Bodhi is a web-system that facilitates the process of publishing updates for a Fedora-based software distribution.

Contribution

I have adjusted the client, so that it doesn't show secrets in terminal when you log in to the Bodhi via browser.

See repository

Gluetool Modules Collection

Description

Modules for gluetool — a command line centric framework usable for glueing modules into a pipeline.

Contribution
  • I have proposed a possible implementation of git merging that was later on extended.
  • I have tried to help out with Copr module after they deprecated older version of their API.
See repository

Pagure

Description

Pagure is a git-centered forge, python based using pygit2.

Contribution

I have added an API endpoint for reopening pull requests.

See repository

Copr

Description

RPM build system - upstream for Copr.

Contribution
  • Supporting external repositories for custom SRPM build method.
  • Allowing admins of Copr repositories to build without the need to ask for explicit builder permissions.
See repository

python-gitlab

Description

A python wrapper for the GitLab API.

Contribution

I have contributed support for the merge_ref on merge requests that hasn't been supported, yet it was present in the GitLab API.

See repository

PatternFly React

Description

A set of React components for the PatternFly project.

Contribution

When working on Packit Dashboard, I have spotted smaller bugs that were present in this project and fixed them upstream to provide better experience for our users.

See repository

Fira Code

Description

Free monospaced font with programming ligatures.

Contribution

I have set up a GitHub Action for building the font on each push to the default branch allowing users to install bleeding edge version of the font.

See repository

nixpkgs

Description

Nixpkgs is a collection of over 80,000 software packages that can be installed with the Nix package manager. It also implements NixOS, a purely-functional Linux distribution.

Contribution

When I was trying out the nixpkgs, I have tried to bump .NET Core to the latest version. My changes haven't been accepted as they required bumping of multiple more packages that depended upon the .NET Core.

See repository

Darcula

Description

A theme for Visual Studio Code based on Darcula theme from Jetbrains IDEs.

Contribution

I have contributed support for diff files, though the project doesn't seem to be live anymore, so it hasn't been accepted as of now.

See repository

Packit

Description

An open source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions.

Contribution

Have a look at my pull requests.

See repository

Snitch

Description

Language agnostic tool that collects TODOs in the source code and reports them as Issues.

Contribution
  • Environment variable support for self-hosted GitLab instances
  • GitLab support
See repository

Karel the Robot

Description

Karel the robot is in general an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis. This is implementation of Karel the Robot for C programming language.

This project is used for educational purposes at TUKE.

Contribution

I have contributed some refactoring tips to the author of the library.

See repository
+

Contributions

Many of my contributions to open-source projects.

centpkg

Description

A tool for working with CentOS dist-git.

Contribution

I have fixed a bug that caused centpkg-sig to be unable to clone the dist-git repos from SIGs.

See repository

Fedora Messaging

Description

A library for sending AMQP messages with JSON schema in Fedora infrastructure.

Contribution

I contributed a small packaging fix that has been introduced by a new feature.

See repository

flexmock

Description

Flexmock is a testing library for Python that makes it easy to create mocks, stubs, and fakes.

Contribution

I've converted the interception for pytest after they've changed their internal design to use pytest's hook system.

See repository

tmt

Description

The tmt tool provides a user-friendly way to work with tests. You can comfortably create new tests, safely and easily run tests across different environments, review test results, debug test code and enable tests in the CI using a consistent and concise config.

Contribution

Just a smallish contribution to the docs related to the changes implemented on the Packit side.

See repository

Fedora Infrastructure Ansible

Description

Collection of Ansible playbooks that powers the Fedora Infrastructure.

Contribution

I have adjusted the groups in the Bodhi playbooks after Packit has been granted the privileges to propose updates without restrictions.

See repository

Bodhi

Description

Bodhi is a web-system that facilitates the process of publishing updates for a Fedora-based software distribution.

Contribution

I have adjusted the client, so that it doesn't show secrets in terminal when you log in to the Bodhi via browser.

See repository

Gluetool Modules Collection

Description

Modules for gluetool — a command line centric framework usable for glueing modules into a pipeline.

Contribution
  • I have proposed a possible implementation of git merging that was later on extended.
  • I have tried to help out with Copr module after they deprecated older version of their API.
See repository

Pagure

Description

Pagure is a git-centered forge, python based using pygit2.

Contribution

I have added an API endpoint for reopening pull requests.

See repository

Copr

Description

RPM build system - upstream for Copr.

Contribution
  • Supporting external repositories for custom SRPM build method.
  • Allowing admins of Copr repositories to build without the need to ask for explicit builder permissions.
See repository

python-gitlab

Description

A python wrapper for the GitLab API.

Contribution

I have contributed support for the merge_ref on merge requests that hasn't been supported, yet it was present in the GitLab API.

See repository

PatternFly React

Description

A set of React components for the PatternFly project.

Contribution

When working on Packit Dashboard, I have spotted smaller bugs that were present in this project and fixed them upstream to provide better experience for our users.

See repository

Fira Code

Description

Free monospaced font with programming ligatures.

Contribution

I have set up a GitHub Action for building the font on each push to the default branch allowing users to install bleeding edge version of the font.

See repository

nixpkgs

Description

Nixpkgs is a collection of over 80,000 software packages that can be installed with the Nix package manager. It also implements NixOS, a purely-functional Linux distribution.

Contribution

When I was trying out the nixpkgs, I have tried to bump .NET Core to the latest version. My changes haven't been accepted as they required bumping of multiple more packages that depended upon the .NET Core.

See repository

Darcula

Description

A theme for Visual Studio Code based on Darcula theme from Jetbrains IDEs.

Contribution

I have contributed support for diff files, though the project doesn't seem to be live anymore, so it hasn't been accepted as of now.

See repository

Packit

Description

An open source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions.

Contribution

Have a look at my pull requests.

See repository

Snitch

Description

Language agnostic tool that collects TODOs in the source code and reports them as Issues.

Contribution
  • Environment variable support for self-hosted GitLab instances
  • GitLab support
See repository

Karel the Robot

Description

Karel the robot is in general an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis. This is implementation of Karel the Robot for C programming language.

This project is used for educational purposes at TUKE.

Contribution

I have contributed some refactoring tips to the author of the library.

See repository
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Exceptions and RAII

Materials related to the exceptions or RAII in C++. diff --git a/cpp/environment/index.html b/cpp/environment/index.html index ca415f6..b1ddcd3 100644 --- a/cpp/environment/index.html +++ b/cpp/environment/index.html @@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ - - + +

Environment

Required tools per OS​

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Placeholders

Here we will try to implement some placeholders that you can find in other diff --git a/cpp/index.html b/cpp/index.html index 0f313e0..ed2b182 100644 --- a/cpp/index.html +++ b/cpp/index.html @@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ - - + + -

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mf

blog and additional materials for courses at φ

About Me

I'm working in Red Hat in the Packit team and studying at FI MUNI while also tutoring some courses there.

Content

On this page you can find my blog or unofficial materials I have written over the course of teaching multiple courses at the FI.

Mastodon

Feel free to contact me on any of the following Mastodon accounts: Fosstodon or Hachyderm.io

diff --git a/search/index.html b/search/index.html index c1bda93..c7d6253 100644 --- a/search/index.html +++ b/search/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

Search the documentation

diff --git a/talks/index.html b/talks/index.html index 3d1b519..04906ac 100644 --- a/talks/index.html +++ b/talks/index.html @@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ - - + +

Talks

Featured talks I presented on various events.

Shift Left Testing with Packit and Testing Farm

In today's fast-paced software development landscape, ensuring the quality and reliability of upstream contributions is crucial. The traditional approach of testing at the end of the development cycle is no longer sufficient. To address this challenge, we present "Shift Left Your Testing with Packit and Testing Farm", a talk that introduces two powerful tools designed to simplify and enhance the testing process for the upstream contributions.

Packit and Testing Farm provide a dead simple way to build and test your upstream contributions against both public or internal Red Hat testing infrastructure. In this talk, we will explore the capabilities of both tools and demonstrate how they can be seamlessly integrated into your development workflow.

In addition to the current capabilities, we will share our plans for Packit and Testing.

  • QEcamp23
  • virtual
  • 11/2023

Packit: RPM integration, all in one

Do you want to automate how you build and test your RPM packages? Do you maintain any package in Fedora and want to automate the releases? Or are you just interested in CI/CD on GitHub or GitLab, Fedora and integration of upstream projects with RPM-based Linux distributions? In this session, we are going to deep-dive into features of Packit that can help you do your day-to-day job.
  • DevConf.cz
  • Brno, Czechia
  • 6/2023

Also presented on:

  • DevConf.cz Mini in Brno, Czechia (3/2023)
Watch recordingSee slides

Credits to Paweł Kosiec for implementing his own React components for talks.