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diff --git a/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity/index.html b/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity/index.html index 7df5229..c88b203 100644 --- a/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity/index.html +++ b/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +
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Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html b/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html index b69f2ca..10cc1ec 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/index.html @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ correctness. - - - + + +

Algorithms and Correctness

Materials related to basic ideas behind algorithms and proofs of their diff --git a/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html b/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html index d1ee964..1346088 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Asymptotic Notation and Time Complexity

Materials related to asymptotic notation and time complexity. diff --git a/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html b/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html index 60100ec..5387800 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/graphs/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Graphs

Materials related to basic graph algorithms and graph problems. diff --git a/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html b/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html index 7d37f28..12a4ff8 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/hash-tables/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Hash Tables

Materials related to hash tables. diff --git a/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html b/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html index 9fd7f7c..36733d6 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Paths in Graphs

Materials related to finding paths in graphs. diff --git a/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html b/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html index 4890ddd..a00b7a1 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/recursion/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Recursion

Materials related to recursive algorithms and their time complexity. diff --git a/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html b/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html index 783834c..ca80e4b 100644 --- a/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Red-Black Trees

Materials related to red-black trees. diff --git a/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html b/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html index d59bc97..92492d8 100644 --- a/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html +++ b/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html b/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html index 1407375..2ab4131 100644 --- a/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html +++ b/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Iterative algorithms via iterators

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html index 4942965..42f4c56 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Breaking Hash Table

We will try to break a hash table and discuss possible ways how to prevent such diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html index 7f434db..1d6afca 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Possible Mitigations

There are multiple ways the issues created above can be mitigated. Still we can diff --git a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html index accd1ea..812721e 100644 --- a/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html +++ b/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Breaking the Hash Table in Python

diff --git a/algorithms/index.html b/algorithms/index.html index d32c596..36568f1 100644 --- a/algorithms/index.html +++ b/algorithms/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

Introduction

In this part you can find “random” additional materials I have written over the @@ -23,6 +23,6 @@ course of teaching Algorithms and data structures I.

It is a various mix of stuff that may have been produced as a follow-up on some question asked at the seminar or spontanously.

If you have some ideas for posts, please do not hesitate to submit them as issues -in the linked GitLab.

+in the linked GitLab.

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html index e2ca082..963f0bc 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

A* algorithm

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html index 3911a53..65dd28c 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/index.html @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ something. - - - + + +

BF

Basic idea​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html index e4cba43..cc7f188 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Dijkstra's algorithm

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html index b02761a..1016128 100644 --- a/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

From BF to A*

Intro​

diff --git a/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html b/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html index f615729..7513340 100644 --- a/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html +++ b/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Použití červeno-černých stromů

Použití​

diff --git a/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html b/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html index 8cd1539..86f0b2a 100644 --- a/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html +++ b/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

On the rules of the red-black tree

Introduction​

diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html index ff8b7a9..8e1e64a 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/karel/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html index e2843b2..f6d0e54 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Solving the maze problem

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html index 9ec23f4..91d28b7 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/bottom-up-dp/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Bottom-up dynamic programming

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html index 1eb627a..070e3cb 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/greedy/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Greedy solution

    We will try to optimize it a bit. Let's start with a relatively simple greedy diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html index c2dc3ad..1a079e0 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Introduction to dynamic programming

    In this series we will try to solve one problem in different ways.

    diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html index 11754c9..452cb84 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/naive/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Naïve solution

    Our naïve solution consists of trying out all the possible slides and finding diff --git a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html index c6fde8e..f05df2d 100644 --- a/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/top-down-dp/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Top-down dynamic programming

    diff --git a/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html b/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html index e69fa31..b13cf73 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/a-star/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "a star"

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    From BF to A*

    Figuring out shortest-path problem from the BF to the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html b/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html index f53119b..40da89d 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/applications/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "applications"

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    Použití červeno-černých stromů

    Ukázka použití červeno-černých stromů v standardních knižnicích známých jazyků. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html b/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html index 87c4796..8a35623 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/astar/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "astar"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html b/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html index 43d855d..fd38275 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/backtracking/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "backtracking"

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    Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    A problem with too many restrictions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html b/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html index e71932b..3625ffc 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "balanced trees"

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    On the rules of the red-black tree

    Shower thoughts on the rules of the red-black tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html index b308141..ab36281 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "bellman ford"

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    BF

    Solving the shortest path problem with a naïve approach that turns into diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html index 80ca1c9..65fee0f 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bfs/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "bfs"

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    Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

    Short explanation of distance boundaries deduced from a BFS tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html index 3ff1211..a4da25f 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "bottom-up-dp"

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    Bottom-up DP solution

    Bottom-up DP solution of the Pyramid Slide Down. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html b/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html index a16d0e2..6006614 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/brute-force/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "brute force"

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    BF

    Solving the shortest path problem with a naïve approach that turns into diff --git a/algorithms/tags/c/index.html b/algorithms/tags/c/index.html index d004763..6d73245 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/c/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/c/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "c"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html index 694d309..04d5abc 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/cpp/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    7 docs tagged with "cpp"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html index 1bbcb18..b949447 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/csharp/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "csharp"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html index 4bc6d61..e631bf9 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "dijkstra"

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    Dijkstra's algorithm

    Moving from Bellman-Ford into the Dijsktra's algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html index fafc7a8..8083292 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "dynamic array"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html index edfd443..2843be8 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    7 docs tagged with "dynamic programming"

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    A* algorithm

    Moving from Dijkstra's algorithm into the A* algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html b/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html index db89b15..7b97869 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/exponential/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "exponential"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html b/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html index a964527..bbf5b5d 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/graphs/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "graphs"

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    Distance boundaries from BFS tree on undirected graphs

    Short explanation of distance boundaries deduced from a BFS tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html b/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html index 28b95d6..a959e66 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/greedy/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    4 docs tagged with "greedy"

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    Dijkstra's algorithm

    Moving from Bellman-Ford into the Dijsktra's algorithm. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html b/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html index cfeaa8a..298519f 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    3 docs tagged with "hash-tables"

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    Breaking Hash Table

    How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/index.html b/algorithms/tags/index.html index 3b3fa28..298059b 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Tags

    diff --git a/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html b/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html index d7716c3..0bb00c0 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/iterative/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "iterative"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html b/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html index aed47a1..2e55019 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/iterators/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "iterators"

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    Iterative algorithms via iterators

    Iterative DFS using iterators. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/java/index.html b/algorithms/tags/java/index.html index dfbe85a..13b4a26 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/java/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/java/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    5 docs tagged with "java"

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    Bottom-up DP solution

    Bottom-up DP solution of the Pyramid Slide Down. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html b/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html index 0ab8814..7171b2e 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/karel/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "karel"

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    Recursion and backtracking with Robot Karel

    A problem with too many restrictions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html b/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html index a1cfa73..8135af7 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/postconditions/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "postconditions"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/python/index.html b/algorithms/tags/python/index.html index cde481f..5fc5d14 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/python/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/python/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    7 docs tagged with "python"

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    Breaking Hash Table

    How to get the linear time complexity in a hash table. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html b/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html index 6274393..d5377cc 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/recursion/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    5 docs tagged with "recursion"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html b/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html index c1f31c1..b7846cf 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "red-black trees"

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    On the rules of the red-black tree

    Shower thoughts on the rules of the red-black tree. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html b/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html index addc449..8615590 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/solution/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "solution"

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    Solution to the problem

    Solving the problem introduced in the previous post. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html b/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html index 70881a4..9ce2890 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/sorting/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "sorting"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html b/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html index 6b47c75..76c58f0 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/testing/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "testing"

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    Vague postconditions and proving correctness of algorithms

    Debugging and testing with precise postconditions. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html b/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html index 7826d65..d19a240 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    One doc tagged with "time complexity"

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    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    How to make inefficient algorithm unknowingly. diff --git a/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html b/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html index 905b929..36a10d2 100644 --- a/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html +++ b/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    2 docs tagged with "top-down-dp"

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    Introduction to dynamic programming

    Solving a problem in different ways. diff --git a/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html b/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html index ced4f04..b2226b0 100644 --- a/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html +++ b/algorithms/time-complexity/extend/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Time complexity of ‹extend›

    Introduction​

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strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5376],{44969:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>l});var s=t(85893),i=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},o=void 0,a={id:"bonuses/seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/10.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-10",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/10.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707051499,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 4, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"},next:{title:"Practice Exams",permalink:"/c/category/practice-exams"}},c={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Project",id:"project",level:2},{value:"Summary of the gameplay",id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",level:3},{value:"Suggested workflow",id:"suggested-workflow",level:2},{value:"Tasks",id:"tasks",level:2},{value:"Dictionary",id:"dictionary",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you are given almost finished project - The Hangman Game. Your\ntask is to try the game, in case you find any bugs point them out and cover as\nmuch of the game as possible with tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Item"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Bonus"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Fixing bugs from failing tests"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.25"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Hidden bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Extending tests, undetectable bugs or evil bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.37"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Refactor"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.38"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"project",children:"Project"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Project consists of 2 source files - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"})," is quite short and concise, there is nothing for you to do."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," contains implementation of the game. In case you feel lost, consult\nthe documentation in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.h"})," that represents an interface that can be used\nfor implementing the game."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Apart from those sources this project is a bit more complicated. ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Game loop"})," is\nrealised via single encapsulated function that complicates the testing. Because\nof that, there are 2 kinds of tests:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Unit tests"})," - that are present in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test_hangman.c"})," and can be run via:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-unit\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They cover majorly functions that can be tested easily via testing framework."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Functional tests"})," - same as in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-08"})," and are focused on testing the\nprogram as whole. Basic smoke test is already included in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"usage"})," test case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-functional\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When testing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman"})," function (the game loop), it is suggested to create\nfunctional tests."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When submitting the files for review, please leave out functional tests that\nwere given as a part of the assignment, so that it is easier to navigate, I\nwill drag the common files myself. :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Whole test suite can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",children:"Summary of the gameplay"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Secret word gets chosen from the file that's path is given as an argument."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"You get 8 guesses."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Invalid characters don't count."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Already guessed characters don't count, even if not included in the secret."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["You can guess the whole word at once","\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you get it right, you won, game ends."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you don't get it right, you get to see the secret, game ends."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of end of input, game finishes via force."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of invalid input, no guesses are subtracted, game carries on."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Letters and words are not case sensitive."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"suggested-workflow",children:"Suggested workflow"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As we have talked about on the seminar, I suggest you to follow\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Test-Driven Development"}),"\nin this case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"TDD workflow",src:t(27420).Z+"",width:"2814",height:"1652"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In our current scenario we are already in the stage of refactoring and fixing the\nbugs. Therefore try to follow this succession of steps:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Try to reproduce the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Create a test that proves the presence of the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fix the bug."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are submitting the bonus via GitLab, it is helpful to commit tests\nbefore commiting the fixes, so that it is apparent that the bug is manifested.\nExample of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git log"})," (notice that the first line represents latest commit):"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"feat: Implement fizz_buzzer\ntest: Add tests for fizz_buzzer\nfix: Fix NULL-check in print_name\ntest: Add test for NULL in print_name\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tasks",children:"Tasks"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As to your tasks, there are multiple things wrong in this project."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'There are 2 "bugs" that cannot be detected via tests, i.e. they are not bugs\nthat affect functionality of the game.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There is one evil bug in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"}),". It is not required to be fixed ;) Assign\nit the lowest priority."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are some tests failing. Please try to figure it out, so you have green\ntests for the rest :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["We have gotten a bug report for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"}),", all we got is"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["doesn't work when there are too many ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"a"}),"s"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Please try to replicate the bug and create a tests, so we don't get any\nregression later on."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One hidden bug :) Closely non-specified, we cannot reproduce it and we were\ndrunk while playing the game, so we don't remember a thing. :/"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Try to cover as much code via the tests as possible. We are not going to look\nat the metrics, but DRY is violated a lot, so as a last task try to remove as\nmuch of the duplicit code as possible."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Tests should help you a lot in case there are some regressions."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you wonder why there are always 3 same words in the file with words, it\nis because of the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"})," bug. It is not a bug that can be easily fixed, so\nit is a not requirement at all and you can still get all points for the bonus ;)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dictionary",children:"Dictionary"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing",children:"Functional tests"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_testing_%28software%29",children:"Smoke test"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself",children:"DRY"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},27420:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>s});const s=t.p+"assets/images/tdd_lifecycle-327ad9ee0ed8318ed11e19a28e02b2cc.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>o});var s=t(67294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function o(e){const n=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:o(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5376],{44969:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>l});var s=t(85893),i=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},o=void 0,a={id:"bonuses/seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/10.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-10",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/10.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707323940,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 7, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-10",title:"10th seminar",description:"Finding bugs in a hangman.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"},next:{title:"Practice Exams",permalink:"/c/category/practice-exams"}},c={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Project",id:"project",level:2},{value:"Summary of the gameplay",id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",level:3},{value:"Suggested workflow",id:"suggested-workflow",level:2},{value:"Tasks",id:"tasks",level:2},{value:"Dictionary",id:"dictionary",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",table:"table",tbody:"tbody",td:"td",th:"th",thead:"thead",tr:"tr",ul:"ul",...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you are given almost finished project - The Hangman Game. Your\ntask is to try the game, in case you find any bugs point them out and cover as\nmuch of the game as possible with tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.table,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.thead,{children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Item"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.th,{children:"Bonus"})]})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tbody,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Fixing bugs from failing tests"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.25"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Hidden bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.50"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Extending tests, undetectable bugs or evil bug"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.37"})]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.tr,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"Refactor"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.td,{children:"0.38"})]})]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"project",children:"Project"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Project consists of 2 source files - ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main.c"})," is quite short and concise, there is nothing for you to do."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.c"})," contains implementation of the game. In case you feel lost, consult\nthe documentation in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman.h"})," that represents an interface that can be used\nfor implementing the game."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Apart from those sources this project is a bit more complicated. ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Game loop"})," is\nrealised via single encapsulated function that complicates the testing. Because\nof that, there are 2 kinds of tests:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Unit tests"})," - that are present in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test_hangman.c"})," and can be run via:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-unit\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They cover majorly functions that can be tested easily via testing framework."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Functional tests"})," - same as in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-08"})," and are focused on testing the\nprogram as whole. Basic smoke test is already included in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"usage"})," test case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"They can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check-functional\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When testing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"hangman"})," function (the game loop), it is suggested to create\nfunctional tests."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"When submitting the files for review, please leave out functional tests that\nwere given as a part of the assignment, so that it is easier to navigate, I\nwill drag the common files myself. :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Whole test suite can be run via:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ make check\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"summary-of-the-gameplay",children:"Summary of the gameplay"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Secret word gets chosen from the file that's path is given as an argument."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"You get 8 guesses."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Invalid characters don't count."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Already guessed characters don't count, even if not included in the secret."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["You can guess the whole word at once","\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you get it right, you won, game ends."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"If you don't get it right, you get to see the secret, game ends."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of end of input, game finishes via force."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"In case of invalid input, no guesses are subtracted, game carries on."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Letters and words are not case sensitive."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"suggested-workflow",children:"Suggested workflow"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As we have talked about on the seminar, I suggest you to follow\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Test-Driven Development"}),"\nin this case."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"TDD workflow",src:t(27420).Z+"",width:"2814",height:"1652"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In our current scenario we are already in the stage of refactoring and fixing the\nbugs. Therefore try to follow this succession of steps:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Try to reproduce the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Create a test that proves the presence of the bug."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Fix the bug."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are submitting the bonus via GitLab, it is helpful to commit tests\nbefore commiting the fixes, so that it is apparent that the bug is manifested.\nExample of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git log"})," (notice that the first line represents latest commit):"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"feat: Implement fizz_buzzer\ntest: Add tests for fizz_buzzer\nfix: Fix NULL-check in print_name\ntest: Add test for NULL in print_name\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tasks",children:"Tasks"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As to your tasks, there are multiple things wrong in this project."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:'There are 2 "bugs" that cannot be detected via tests, i.e. they are not bugs\nthat affect functionality of the game.'}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There is one evil bug in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"}),". It is not required to be fixed ;) Assign\nit the lowest priority."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There are some tests failing. Please try to figure it out, so you have green\ntests for the rest :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["We have gotten a bug report for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"word_guessed"}),", all we got is"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["doesn't work when there are too many ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"a"}),"s"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Please try to replicate the bug and create a tests, so we don't get any\nregression later on."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One hidden bug :) Closely non-specified, we cannot reproduce it and we were\ndrunk while playing the game, so we don't remember a thing. :/"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Try to cover as much code via the tests as possible. We are not going to look\nat the metrics, but DRY is violated a lot, so as a last task try to remove as\nmuch of the duplicit code as possible."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Tests should help you a lot in case there are some regressions."}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you wonder why there are always 3 same words in the file with words, it\nis because of the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"get_word"})," bug. It is not a bug that can be easily fixed, so\nit is a not requirement at all and you can still get all points for the bonus ;)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"dictionary",children:"Dictionary"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_testing",children:"Functional tests"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_testing_%28software%29",children:"Smoke test"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself",children:"DRY"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,i.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},27420:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>s});const s=t.p+"assets/images/tdd_lifecycle-327ad9ee0ed8318ed11e19a28e02b2cc.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>o});var s=t(67294);const i={},r=s.createContext(i);function o(e){const n=s.useContext(r);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(i):e.components||i:o(e.components),s.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/182b5a8d.cbc8a774.js b/assets/js/182b5a8d.cbc8a774.js deleted file mode 100644 index 3f1f683..0000000 --- a/assets/js/182b5a8d.cbc8a774.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6048],{32582:(e,t,n)=>{n.r(t),n.d(t,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>m,frontMatter:()=>s,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>u});var a=n(85893),o=n(11151);const s={title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:new Date("2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z"),authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},i=void 0,r={permalink:"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion",editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",source:"@site/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",formattedDate:"January 28, 2024",tags:[{label:"rust",permalink:"/blog/tags/rust"},{label:"memory safety",permalink:"/blog/tags/memory-safety"},{label:"cult",permalink:"/blog/tags/cult"},{label:"hype",permalink:"/blog/tags/hype"}],readingTime:15.395,hasTruncateMarker:!0,authors:[{name:"Matej Focko",email:"me+blog@mfocko.xyz",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater",url:"https://gitlab.com/mfocko",imageURL:"https://github.com/mfocko.png",key:"mf"}],frontMatter:{title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},unlisted:!1,nextItem:{title:"How can Copr help with broken dependencies",permalink:"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"}},l={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},u=[];function c(e){const t={em:"em",p:"p",...(0,o.a)(),...e.components};return(0,a.jsxs)(t.p,{children:["Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I've managed to get my\nhands dirty with it during ",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"[Advent of Code]"})," \u201822 and partially \u201823. I've also\nused it for few rounds of ",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"[Codeforces]"})," and I have to try very hard to maintain\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I'll\ndisclaim up front that I won't be only positive, since this post is a result of\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d"}),", so if you can't stand your favorite language\nbeing criticized in any way, don't even proceed. 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I've managed to get my\nhands dirty with it during ",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"[Advent of Code]"})," \u201822 and partially \u201823. I've also\nused it for few rounds of ",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"[Codeforces]"})," and I have to try very hard to maintain\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I'll\ndisclaim up front that I won't be only positive, since this post is a result of\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\n",(0,a.jsx)(t.em,{children:"\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d"}),", so if you can't stand your favorite language\nbeing criticized in any way, don't even proceed. 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I\'ve managed to get my\\nhands dirty with it during _[Advent of Code]_ \u201822 and partially \u201823. I\'ve also\\nused it for few rounds of _[Codeforces]_ and I have to try very hard to maintain\\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I\'ll\\ndisclaim up front that I won\'t be only positive, since this post is a result of\\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\\n_\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d_, so if you can\'t stand your favorite language\\nbeing criticized in any way, don\'t even proceed. :wink:\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## Memory safety\\n\\nI\'ll start by kicking the biggest benefit of the language, the memory safety.\\nLet\'s be honest here, majority of the checks rely on the static analysis, cause\\nyou can\'t do anything else during the compile-time, right? Therefore we can\\nbasically say that we are relying on the compiler to \u201csolve\u201d all of our issues.\\n\\n:::warning\\n\\nI\'m not doubting the fact that compiler can prevent **a lot** of the memory\\nerrors, I\'m just saying it\'s not realistic to cover **everything**.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Compiler\\n\\nI guess we can safely[^2] agree on the fact that we 100% rely on the compiler to\\n_have our back_. Is the compiler bug-free? I doubt it. This is not meant in an\\noffensive way to the Rust compiler developers, but we need to be realistic here.\\nIt\'s a compiler, even older and larger projects like _gcc_ or _llvm_ can\'t avoid\\nbugs to appear.\\n\\nWhen I was trying out Rust for some of the LeetCode challenges I\'ve stumbled\\nupon the following warning:\\n![Example of a compiler bug](https://i.imgur.com/NfPLF6o.png)\\n\\n:::danger [Issue](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/59159)\\n\\nThe issue here comes from the fact that we have 2 simultaneous references to the\\nsame memory (one is mutable and one immutable). If you cannot think of any way\\nthis can break, I\'ll give you a rather simple example from C++ where this could\\ncause an issue.\\n\\nImagine a function that has some complex object and also calls a coroutine which\\nutilizes read-only reference to that object. When the coroutine suspends, the\\ncaller can modify the object. This can break the integrity of data read by the\\ncoroutine.\\n\\n- Yes, this **can** cause a memory error.\\n- Yes, this **hasn\'t** been handled until someone noticed it.\\n\\nFixing this bug is not backwards compatible, cause you\'re covering a case that\\nhasn\'t been covered before.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Enforcing the safety\\n\\nOne of the ways Rust enforces the safety is by restricting what you can do, like\\nthe example above. Aforementioned issue _can_ happen, but **doesn\'t have to**.\\nRule of the thumb in the Rust compiler is to _\u201cblock\u201d_ anything that can be an\\nissue, static analysis can\'t do much more, it cannot decide whether it\'s safe to\\ndo it or not.\\n\\nSatisfying the Rust compiler is sometimes a brutal pain in the ass, because you\\ncannot do things like you\'re used to, you need to work around them _somehow_.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nKey difference between Rust and C or C++ lies in the fact that Rust chooses to\\n_ban_ all \u201cpotentially offensive\u201d actions, C and C++ _relies_ on **you** to be\\nsure it\'s safe to do.\\n\\n![C++ v. Rust](https://i.imgur.com/0vbkYPp.png)\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Consequences\\n\\nWhere are we heading with this approach of \u201cif it compiles, it runs\u201d though?\\nIn this aspect I have a rather similar opinion as with regards to the ChatGPT\\nand its derivatives.\\n\\nIf you teach people to 100% depend on the compiler, they will do it, cause it\'s\\n_easy_. All you need to do is make the compiler _shut up_[^3]. Giving up the\\n_intellectual masturbation_ about the memory safety will make you lose your edge\\nover the time. When we get to the point of everyone being in the mindset\\nmentioned above, who\'s going to maintain the compiler? This is the place where\\nyou **need to** think about the memory safety and furthermore in a much more\\ngeneral way than in your own projects, because it is the thing that everyone\\n_blindly believes in_ in the end.\\n\\nI\'m not saying that everyone should give up Rust and think about their memory\\nmanagement and potential memory issues. I\'m just saying that going the easy way\\nwill make people _dull_ and they should think about it anyways, that\'s how the\\nissue above has been discovered. If everyone walked past and didn\'t think about\\nit, no one would discover this issue till it bit them hard.\\n\\n:::tip Standard library\\n\\nEven the standard library is littered with `unsafe` blocks that are prefixed\\nwith comments in style:\\n\\n```rs\\n// SAFETY: \u2026\\n```\\n\\nThe fact that the _casual_ Rust dev doesn\'t have to think much about safety,\\ncause the compiler has their back, doesn\'t mean that the Rust compiler dev\\ndoesn\'t either.\\n\\nI gotta admit that I adopted this concept in other languages (even in Python),\\ncause you can encounter situations where it doesn\'t have to be clear _why_ you\\ncan do _what_ you\'re doing.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Development & design\\n\\nDevelopment of Rust is\u2026 very fast. One positive is that they\'re trying to be as\\nbackward compatible as possible at least by verifying against all the published\\ncrates in the process. Of course, you cannot be backward compatible about fixing\\nthe bugs that have been found, but such is life.\\n\\n### Fast development cycle\\n\\nOne of the negatives of the fast development cycle is the fact that they\'re\\nusing the latest features already in the next release of the Rust. Yes, it is\\nsomething that you can use for verifying and testing your own changes, but at\\nthe same time it places a requirement of the latest release to compile the next\\none.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nIf you check `gcc` for example, they have a requirement of minimal version of\\ncompiler that you need for the build. Though gcc\'s requirement is not so _needy_\\nas the Rust one.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOne of the other negatives is the introduction of bugs. If you\'re pushing\\nchanges, somewhat mindlessly, at such a fast pace, it is inevitable to introduce\\na bunch bugs in the process. Checking the GitHub issue tracker with\\n\\n```\\nis:issue is:open label:C-bug label:T-compiler\\n```\\n\\nyields **2,224** open issues at the time of writing this post.\\n\\n### RFCs\\n\\nYou can find **a lot** of RFCs for the Rust. Some of them are more questionable\\nthan the others. Fun thing is that a lot of them make it to the nightly builds,\\nso they can be tested and polished off. Even the questionable ones\u2026 I\'ll leave\\nfew examples for a better understanding.\\n\\nOne of such features is the `do yeet` expression:\\n\\n```rust\\n#![feature(yeet_expr)]\\n\\nfn foo() -> Result {\\n do yeet 4;\\n}\\nassert_eq!(foo(), Err(4));\\n\\nfn bar() -> Option {\\n do yeet;\\n}\\nassert_eq!(bar(), None);\\n```\\n\\nIt allows you to \u201cyeet\u201d the errors out of the functions that return `Result` or\\n`Option`.\\n\\n[One](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3503) of the more recent ones is\\nthe ability to include Cargo manifests into the sources, so you can do something\\nlike:\\n\\n```rust\\n#!/usr/bin/env cargo\\n---\\n[dependencies]\\nclap = { version = \\"4.2\\", features = [\\"derive\\"] }\\n---\\n\\nuse clap::Parser;\\n\\n#[derive(Parser, Debug)]\\n#[clap(version)]\\nstruct Args {\\n #[clap(short, long, help = \\"Path to config\\")]\\n config: Option,\\n}\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let args = Args::parse();\\n println!(\\"{:?}\\", args);\\n}\\n```\\n\\nI would say you can get almost anything into the language\u2026\\n\\n## Community and hype train\\n\\nRust community is a rather unique thing. A lot of people will hate me for this,\\nbut I can\'t help, but to compare them to _militant vegans_. I\'ll go through some\\nof the things related to it, so I can support my opinion at least.\\n\\n_Rust is the best language._ It is not. There is no best language, each has its\\nown positives and negatives, you need to choose the language that\'s **the most**\\n**suitable for your use case**. There are areas where Rust excels, though I have\\nto admit it\'s very close to being a universal hammer regardless of how suitable\\nit is. There is a very steep learning curve to it, beginnings in Rust are very\\npainful.\\n\\n_Rewrite everything in Rust._ Just no. There are multiple feedbacks on doing\\nrewrites, it is very common to fix _N_ bugs with a rewrite while introducing\\n_N + 1_ other bugs in the process. It doesn\'t solve anything unless there are\\nsome strong reasons to go with it. Majority of such suggested rewrites don\'t\\nhave those reasons though.\\n\\n_Language \u2039x\u203a is bad, though in Rust\u2026_ Cherry-picking one specific pain point of\\none language and reflecting how it is better in other language can go both ways.\\nFor example it is rather easy to pick the limitations imposed by Rust compiler\\nand show how it\'s possible in other languages :man_shrugging:\\n\\nI don\'t mind any of those opinions, you\'re free to have them, as long as you\\ndon\'t rub them in my face which is not the usual case\u2026 This experience makes it\\njust worse for me, part of this post may be also influenced by this fact.\\n\\n### Rust in Linux\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nAs someone who has seen the way Linux kernel is built in the RHEL ecosystem, how\\ncomplex the whole thing is and how much resources you need to proceed, I have\\nvery strong opinions on this topic.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIt took years of work to even \u201cincorporate\u201d Rust into the Linux codebase, just\\nto get the \u201cHello World!\u201d. I don\'t have anything against the idea of writing\\ndrivers in the Rust, I bet it can catch a lot of common mistakes, but still\\nintroducing Rust to the kernel is another step to enlarge the monster.\\n\\nI have to admit though that the _Apple GPU_ driver for Linux written in Rust is\\nquite impressive. Apart from that there are not so many benefits, yet\u2026\\n\\n## Packaging\\n\\nI\'ll divide the packaging into the packaging of the language itself and the\\nprograms written in Rust.\\n\\nLet\'s start with the `cargo` itself though. Package managers of the languages\\nusually get a lot of hate (you can take `npm` or `pip` as examples[^1]). If\\nyou\'ve ever tried out Rust, I bet you already know where I\'m going with this.\\nYes, I mean the compilation times, or even Cargo downloading _whole_ index of\\ncrates just so you can update that one dependency (and 3 millions of indirect\\ndeps). When I was doing AoC \u201822 in Rust, I\'ve set up `sccache` right away on the\\nfirst day.\\n\\nLet\'s move to the packaging of the Rust itself, it\'s tedious. Rust has a very\\nfast development cycle and doesn\'t even try to make the builds backward\\ncompatible. If there is a new release of Rust, there is a very high chance that\\nyou cannot build that release with anything other than **the latest** Rust\\nrelease. If you have ever touched the packaging, you know that this is something\\nthat can cause a lot of problems, cause you need the second-to-latest version to\\ncompile the latest version, don\'t forget that this applies inductively\u2026 People\\nrunning _Gentoo_ could tell you a lot about this.\\n\\n:::info\\n\\nCompiling the compilers takes usually more time than compiling the kernel\\nitself\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI cannot speak about packaging of Rust programs in other than RHEL-based\\ndistros, though I can speak about RHEL ecosystem. Fedora packaging guidelines\\nspecify that you need to build each and every dependency of the program\\nseparately. I wanted to try out _AlmaLinux_ and install Alacritty there and I\\nfailed miserably. The solution that worked, consisted of ignoring the packaging\\nguidelines, running `cargo build` and consuming the binaries afterwards.\\nDependencies of the Rust programs are of a similar nature as JS dependencies.\\n\\n> I\'m tipping my fedora[^2] in the general direction of the maintainers of Rust\\n> packages in RHEL ecosystem. I wouldn\'t be able to do this without losing my\\n> sanity.\\n\\n## Likes\\n\\nIf you\'ve come all the way here and you\'re a Rustacean, I believe I\'ve managed\\nto get your blood boiling, so it\'s time to finish this off by stuff I like about\\nRust. I doubt I will be able to cover everything, but I can try at least. You\\nhave to admit it\'s much easier to remember the bad stuff as opposed to the good.\\n:wink:\\n\\n### Workflow and toolchain\\n\\nI prefered using Rust for the _Advent of Code_ and _Codeforces_ as it provides\\na rather easy way to test the solutions before running them with the challenge\\ninput (or test runner). I can give an example from the _Advent of Code_:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2023::*;\\n\\ntype Output1 = i32;\\ntype Output2 = Output1;\\n\\nstruct DayXX {}\\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\\n fn new>(pathname: P) -> Self {\\n let lines: Vec = file_to_lines(pathname);\\n\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_1(&mut self) -> Output1 {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_2(&mut self) -> Output2 {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n DayXX::main()\\n}\\n\\ntest_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, 42, 69);\\n```\\n\\nThis was the skeleton I\'ve used and the macro at the end is my own creation that\\nexpands to:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[cfg(test)]\\nmod day_XX {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn part_1() {\\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(1);\\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\\n assert_eq!(day.part_1(), 42);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn part_2() {\\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(2);\\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\\n assert_eq!(day.part_2(), 69);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWhen you\'re solving the problem, all you need to do is switch between\\n`cargo test` and `cargo run` to check the answer to either sample or the\\nchallenge input itself.\\n\\nIntroduce [bacon] and it gets even better. Bacon is a CLI tool that wraps around\\nthe `cargo` and allows you to check, run, lint or run tests on each file save.\\nIt\'s a very pleasant thing for a so-called _compiler-assisted_ development.\\n\\nSpeaking of linting from within the bacon, you cannot leave out the [clippy].\\nNot only it can whip your ass because of errors, but it can also produce a lot\\nof helpful suggestions, for example passing slices by borrow instead of\\nborrowing the `Vec` itself when you don\'t need it.\\n\\n### Standard library\\n\\nThere\'s **a lot** included in the standard library. It almost feels like you\\nhave all you need[^4]. I like placeholders (like `todo!()`, `unreachable!()`,\\n`unimplemented!()`) to the extent of\\n[implementing](/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders) them as exceptions in C++.\\n\\nYou can find almost anything. Though you can also hit some very weird issues\\nwith some of the nuances of the type system.\\n\\n### `unsafe`\\n\\nThis might be something that people like to avoid as much as possible. However I\\nthink that forming a habit of commenting posibly unsafe operations in **any**\\nlanguage is a good habit, as I\'ve mentioned above. You should be able to argue\\nwhy you can do something safely, even if the compiler is not kicking your ass\\nbecause of it.\\n\\nExcerpt of such comment from work:\\n\\n```py\\n# SAFETY: Taking first package instead of specific package should be\\n# safe, since we have put a requirement on \xbbone\xab \u2039upstream_project_url\u203a\\n# per Packit config, i.e. even if we\'re dealing with a monorepo, there\\n# is only \xbbone\xab upstream. If there is one upstream, there is only one\\n# set of GPG keys that can be allowed.\\nreturn self.downstream_config.packages[\\n self.downstream_config._first_package\\n].allowed_gpg_keys\\n```\\n\\n### Traits\\n\\nOne of the other things I like are the traits. They are more restrictive than\\ntemplates or concepts in C++, but they\'re doing their job pretty good. If you\\nare building library and require multiple traits to be satisfied it means a lot\\nof copy-paste, but that\'s soon to be fixed by the [trait aliases].\\n\\n:::tip Comparing to other languages\\n\\nOn Wikipedia I\'ve seen trait being defined as a more restrictive type class as\\nyou may know it from the Haskell for example. C++ isn\'t behind either with its\\n_constraints and concepts_. I would say that we can order them in the following\\norder based on the complexity they can express:\\n\\n```\\nRust\'s trait < Haskell\'s type class < C++\'s concept\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nYou can also hit some issues, like me when trying to support conversions between\\nunderlying numeric types of a 2D vectors or support for using an operator from\\nboth sides (I couldn\'t get `c * u` to work in the same way as `u * c` because\\nthe first one requires you to implement the trait of a built-in type).\\n\\n:::warning Implementation\\n\\nImplementing traits lies in\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {\\n // implementation goes here\\n}\\n```\\n\\nOne of the things I **would love to** see is being able to define the helper\\nfunctions within the same block. As of now, the only things allowed are the ones\\nthat are required by the trait, which in the end results in a randomly lying\\nfunctions around (or in a implementation of the structure itself). I don\'t like\\nthis mess at all\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Influence of functional paradigm\\n\\nYou can see a big influence of the functional paradigm. Not only in iterators,\\nbut also in the other parts of the language. For example I prefer `Option` or\\n`Result` to `null`s and exceptions. Pattern matching together with\\ncompiler both enforces handling of the errors and rather user-friendly way of\\ndoing it.\\n\\nNot to mention `.and_then()` and such. However spending most of the time with\\nthe AoC you get pretty annoyed of the repetitive `.unwrap()` during parsing,\\nsince you are guaranteed correct input.\\n\\n### Macros\\n\\nMacros are a very strong pro of the Rust. And no, we\'re not going to talk about\\nthe procedural macros\u2026\\n\\nAs I\'ve shown above I\'ve managed to \u201ctame\u201d a lot of copy-paste in the tests for\\nthe AoC by utilizing a macro that generated a very basic template for the tests.\\n\\nAs I have mentioned the traits above, I cannot forget to give props to `derive`\\nmacro that allows you to \u201cdeduce\u201d the default implementation. It is very helpful\\nfor a tedious tasks like implementing `Debug` (for printing out the structures)\\nor comparisons, though with the comparisons you need to be careful about the\\ndefault implementation, it has already bitten me once or twice.\\n\\n## Summary\\n\\nOverall there are many things about the Rust I like and would love to see them\\nimplemented in other languages. However there are also many things I don\'t like.\\nNothing is **exclusively** black and white.\\n\\n[advent of code]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[bacon]: https://dystroy.org/bacon/\\n[clippy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy\\n[codeforces]: https://codeforces.com\\n[trait aliases]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1733-trait-alias.md\\n\\n[^1]:\\n not to even mention multiple different packaging standards Python has, which\\n is borderline https://xkcd.com/927/\\n\\n[^2]: pun intended\\n[^3]: It\'s not that easy with the Rust compiler, but OK\u2026\\n[^4]:\\n unlike Python where there\'s whole universe in the language itself, yet there\\n are essential things not present\u2026"},{"id":"/2023/08/02/copr","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/2023/08/02/copr","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2023-08-02-copr.md","source":"@site/blog/2023-08-02-copr.md","title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","description":"Copr comes to save you when maintainer doesn\'t care.","date":"2023-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"August 2, 2023","tags":[{"label":"\ud83c\udfed","permalink":"/blog/tags/\ud83c\udfed"},{"label":"red-hat","permalink":"/blog/tags/red-hat"},{"label":"copr","permalink":"/blog/tags/copr"},{"label":"admin","permalink":"/blog/tags/admin"},{"label":"vps","permalink":"/blog/tags/vps"}],"readingTime":3.44,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. your opinionated admin","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","description":"Copr comes to save you when maintainer doesn\'t care.","date":"2023-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","authors":[{"key":"mf","title":"a.k.a. your opinionated admin"}],"tags":["\ud83c\udfed","red-hat","copr","admin","vps"]},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Mixed feelings on Rust","permalink":"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion"},"nextItem":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week"}},"content":"When you decide to run Fedora on your VPS, you might get screwed over by using\\nrandom repositories\u2026\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\nWhen I \u201creserved\u201d my VPS[^1] back in June \'20, I slapped Fedora on it without\\nthinking. I bet 99% of people would say that I\'m crazy for doing such thing[^2],\\n**BUT** I\'ve been using Fedora on my PCs for some time already and it felt very\\nstable and natural to just use, even for VPS.\\n\\nOne of the first things I\'ve done was setting up a mail server. You may guess\\nwhat\'s the fun part about having a mail server\u2026 Yes, it\'s all the spam you\\nreceive and only then you realize how much \u201ccrap\u201d gets filtered on free mail\\nservices. To battle this problem I chose to use\\n[rspamd](https://github.com/rspamd/rspamd) that had CentOS support, but someone\\nhad a [Copr](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/) repository that I used to\\ninstall it.\\n\\n## How does Copr repositories work?\\n\\nIf you have ever used Ubuntu, you might be familiar with the concept since it is\\nvery close to [PPAs](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PPA).\\n\\ntl;dr of the whole process consists of\\n\\n1. enabling the Copr repository, and\\n2. installing the desired package.\\n\\nSo in shell you would do\\n\\n```\\n# dnf copr enable \u2039copr-repository\u203a\\n# dnf install \u2039package-from-the-repository\u203a\\n```\\n\\nAnd\u2026 that\'s it! Nothing else needed! Simple, right? And literally same process\\nas you would do for the PPA.\\n\\n:::tip AUR\\n\\nOn the other hand, if you are familiar with the archLinux, you definitely know\\nAUR and what it can do for you. Copr repository is pretty similar, but the\\npackages are prebuilt in Copr and Copr repositories can carry the required\\ndependencies for said packages, which simplifies the distribution, and can even\\nhelp with installing singular packages (when you just need the dependency, not\\neverything).\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## My issue\\n\\nNow you might wonder how would I use it on my VPS. It\'s rather simple, once in\\n6 months a new Fedora release comes out. And you need to upgrade to newer\\nrelease\u2026 You don\'t need to do it right away and for such setup it probably isn\'t\\neven recommended.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nFedora releases are supported for a year, i.e. they live 6 months till the next\\nrelease and then another 6 months till another release.\\n\\nSome people prefer to run one version \u201cbehind\u201d. If you ever decide to run it on\\nyour home server or in a similar setup, it might be a pretty good idea to\\nfollow. I\'m using the \u201clatest greatest\u201d, cause why not :smile:\\n\\nOne way or another, you still need to bump the release every six months, unless\\nyou\'d bump 2 releases at once every year, which would be a decision, since, at\\nleast I, cannot see any benefits in it\u2026 You don\'t go for \u201cstability\u201d, cause once\\na year you switch to the latest release and then, before you bump, you use one\\nyear old software, so you\'re not even using the latest.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nFast-forward 2 years in the future, new Fedora release came out (October \'22)\\nand I was doing an upgrade. Dependencies of the rspamd have been updated and\\nrspamd builds in Copr have failed and no one fixed it. Cool, so now I can\\nupgrade, but can either ignore the dependencies or uninstall the rspamd\u2026\\n\\n## How can Copr help?\\n\\nI have managed to find\\n[specfile](https://github.com/rspamd/rspamd/blob/master/rpm/rspamd.spec) for the\\nrspamd package that they use for CentOS. There were some files apart from the\\nspecfile, so I had to make an SRPM locally and then\u2026 I just uploaded the SRPM\\nto the Copr to\\n[build](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/mfocko/rspamd/build/5046567/)\\nan RPM.\\n\\nI have switched the previous Copr repository for rspamd with my own and happily\\nproceeded with the upgrade.\\n\\n## Conclusion\\n\\nCopr is heavily used for testing builds on the upstream with\\n[Packit](https://packit.dev). However, as you can see, it is possible to use it\\n**very well** for packaging your own stuff and avoiding issues (such as the one\\nI have described above), if need be.\\n\\n[^1]: [vpsFree.cz](https://vpsfree.cz)\\n[^2]:\\n Even though I\'ve been running archLinux on some Raspberry Pi\'s and also\\n on one of my \u201chome servers\u201d, before getting the VPS. You could say I like\\n to live on the edge\u2026"},{"id":"aoc-2022/4th-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4.md","title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving fourth week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-07T15:14:00.000Z","formattedDate":"July 7, 2023","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":15.175,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving fourth week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-07T15:14","slug":"aoc-2022/4th-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","permalink":"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"},"nextItem":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the fourth week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 22: Monkey Map](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/22)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating a movement on a 2D map with given instructions. Map becomes a cube in\\nthe 2nd part\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::caution Rant\\n\\nThis was the most obnoxious problem of this year\u2026 and a lot of Rust issues have\\nbeen hit.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nIt seems like a very simple problem to solve, but with very obnoxious changes in\\nthe 2nd part and also it\'s relatively hard to decompose \xbbproperly\xab.\\n\\n#### Column iterator\\n\\nIn the first part of the problem it was needed to know the boundaries of each\\nrow and column, since I stored them in `Vec>` and padded with spaces\\nto ensure I have a rectangular 2D \u201carray\u201d. However when you wanted to go through\\neach row and column to determine the boundaries, it was very easy to do for the\\nrows (cause each row is a `Vec` element), but not for the columns, since they\\nspan multiple rows.\\n\\nFor this use case I have implemented my own _column iterator_:\\n\\n```rust\\npub struct ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n map: &\'a [Vec],\\n column: usize,\\n\\n i: usize,\\n}\\n\\nimpl<\'a, T> ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n pub fn new(map: &\'a [Vec], column: usize) -> ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n Self { map, column, i: 0 }\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl<\'a, T> Iterator for ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n type Item = &\'a T;\\n\\n fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\\n if self.i >= self.map.len() {\\n return None;\\n }\\n\\n self.i += 1;\\n Some(&self.map[self.i - 1][self.column])\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nGiven this piece of an iterator, it is very easy to factor out the common\\nfunctionality between the rows and columns into:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet mut find_boundaries = |constructor: fn(usize) -> Orientation,\\n iterator: &mut dyn Iterator,\\n upper_bound,\\n i| {\\n let mut first_non_empty = iterator.enumerate().skip_while(|&(_, &c)| c == \' \');\\n let start = first_non_empty.next().unwrap().0 as isize;\\n\\n let mut last_non_empty = first_non_empty.skip_while(|&(_, &c)| c != \' \');\\n let end = last_non_empty.next().unwrap_or((upper_bound, &\'_\')).0 as isize;\\n\\n boundaries.insert(constructor(i), start..end);\\n};\\n```\\n\\nAnd then use it as such:\\n\\n```rust\\n// construct all horizontal boundaries\\n(0..map.len()).for_each(|row| {\\n find_boundaries(\\n Orientation::horizontal,\\n &mut map[row].iter(),\\n map[row].len(),\\n row,\\n );\\n});\\n\\n// construct all vertical boundaries\\n(0..map[0].len()).for_each(|col| {\\n find_boundaries(\\n Orientation::vertical,\\n &mut ColumnIterator::new(&map, col),\\n map.len(),\\n col,\\n );\\n});\\n```\\n\\n#### Walking around the map\\n\\nOnce the 2nd part got introduced, you start to think about a way how not to\\ncopy-paste a lot of stuff (I haven\'t avoided it anyways\u2026). In this problem, I\'ve\\nchosen to introduce a trait (i.e. _interface_) for 2D and 3D walker.\\n\\n```rust\\ntrait Wrap: Clone {\\n type State;\\n\\n // simulation\\n fn is_blocked(&self) -> bool;\\n fn step(&mut self, steps: isize);\\n fn turn_left(&mut self);\\n fn turn_right(&mut self);\\n\\n // movement\\n fn next(&self) -> (Self::State, Direction);\\n\\n // final answer\\n fn answer(&self) -> Output;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nEach walker maintains its own state and also provides the functions that are\\nused during the simulation. The \u201cpromised\u201d methods are separated into:\\n\\n- _simulation_-related: that are used during the simulation from the `.fold()`\\n- _movement_-related: just a one method that holds most of the logic differences\\n between 2D and 3D\\n- _final answer_: which extracts the _proof of solution_ from the\\n implementation-specific walker\\n\\nBoth 2D and 3D versions borrow the original input and therefore you must\\nannotate the lifetime of it:\\n\\n```rust\\nstruct Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n input: &\'a Input,\\n position: Position,\\n direction: Direction,\\n}\\nimpl<\'a> Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n fn new(input: &\'a Input) -> Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n// \u2026\\n```\\n\\n#### Problems\\n\\nI have used a lot of closures for this problem and once I introduced a parameter\\nthat was of unknown type (apart from the fact it implements a specific trait), I\\ngot suggested a \u201cfix\u201d for the compilation error that resulted in something that\\nwas not possible to parse, cause it, more than likely, violated the grammar.\\n\\nIn a similar fashion, I have been suggested changes that led to a code that\\ndidn\'t make sense by just looking at it (there was no need to try the changes),\\nfor example one suggested change in the closure parameter caused disapperance of\\nthe parameter name. :smile:\\n\\n#### Clippy\\n\\nI have to admit that Clippy was rather helpful here, I\'ll include two examples\\nof rather smart suggestions.\\n\\nWhen writing the parsing for this problem, the first thing I have spotted on the\\n`char` was the `.is_digit()` function that takes a radix as a parameter. Clippy\\nnoticed that I use `radix = 10` and suggested switching to `.is_ascii_digit()`\\nthat does exactly the same thing:\\n\\n```diff\\n- .take_while(|c| c.is_digit(10))\\n+ .take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())\\n```\\n\\nAnother useful suggestion appeared when working with the iterators and I wanted\\nto get the $n$-th element from it. You know the `.skip()`, you know the\\n`.next()`, just \u201cslap\u201d them together and we\'re done for :grin: Well, I got\\nsuggested to use `.nth()` that does exactly the combination of the two mentioned\\nmethods on iterators:\\n\\n```diff\\n- match it.clone().skip(skip).next().unwrap() {\\n+ match it.clone().nth(skip).unwrap() {\\n```\\n\\n## [Day 23: Unstable Diffusion](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/23)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating movement of elves around with a set of specific rules.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThere\'s not much to mention since it\'s just a cellular automaton simulation\\n(even though the AoC rules for cellular automatons usually get out of hand\\n:wink:).\\n\\nAlthough I had a need to determine boundaries of the elves\' positions and ended\\nup with a nasty DRY violation. Knowing that you you\'re looking for maximum and\\nminimum that are, of course, exactly the same except for initial values and\\ncomparators, it looks like a rather simple fix, but typing in Rust is something\\nelse, right? In the end I settled for a function that computes both boundaries\\nwithout any duplication while using a closure:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn get_bounds(positions: &Input) -> (Vector2D, Vector2D) {\\n let f = |init, cmp: &dyn Fn(isize, isize) -> isize| {\\n positions\\n .iter()\\n .fold(Vector2D::new(init, init), |acc, elf| {\\n Vector2D::new(cmp(acc.x(), elf.x()), cmp(acc.y(), elf.y()))\\n })\\n };\\n\\n (f(isize::MAX, &min::), f(isize::MIN, &max::))\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis function returns a pair of 2D vectors that represent opposite points of the\\nbounding rectangle of all elves.\\n\\nYou might ask why would we need a closure and the answer is that `positions`\\ncannot be captured from within the nested function, only via closure. One more\\nfun fact on top of that is the type of the comparator\\n\\n```rust\\n&dyn Fn(isize, isize) -> isize\\n```\\n\\nOnce we remove the `dyn` keyword, compiler yells at us and also includes a way\\nhow to get a more thorough explanation of the error by running\\n\\n $ rustc --explain E0782\\n\\nwhich shows us\\n\\n Trait objects must include the `dyn` keyword.\\n\\n Erroneous code example:\\n\\n ```\\n trait Foo {}\\n fn test(arg: Box) {} // error!\\n ```\\n\\n Trait objects are a way to call methods on types that are not known until\\n runtime but conform to some trait.\\n\\n Trait objects should be formed with `Box`, but in the code above\\n `dyn` is left off.\\n\\n This makes it harder to see that `arg` is a trait object and not a\\n simply a heap allocated type called `Foo`.\\n\\n To fix this issue, add `dyn` before the trait name.\\n\\n ```\\n trait Foo {}\\n fn test(arg: Box) {} // ok!\\n ```\\n\\n This used to be allowed before edition 2021, but is now an error.\\n\\n:::danger Rant\\n\\nNot all of the explanations are helpful though, in some cases they might be even\\nmore confusing than helpful, since they address _very simple_ use cases.\\n\\nAs you can see, even in this case there are two sides to the explanations:\\n\\n- it explains why you need to use `dyn`, but\\n- it still mentions that trait objects need to be heap-allocated via `Box`\\n that, as you can see in my snippet, **does not** apply here :smile: IMO it\'s\\n caused by the fact that we are borrowing it and therefore we don\'t need to\\n care about the size or whereabouts of it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::info C++ parallel\\n\\nIf you dive into the explanation above, you can notice that the `Box`\\npattern is very helpful for using types that are not known during compile-time.\\nYou would use a very similar approach in C++ when parsing some data structure\\nfrom input (let\'s say JSON for example).\\n\\nOn the other hand, in this case, it doesn\'t really make much sense, cause you\\ncan clearly see that the types **are known** during the compile-time, which in\\nC++ could be easily resolved by templating the helper function.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## [Day 24: Blizzard Basin](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/24)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nNavigating your way through a basin with series of blizzards that move around\\nyou as you move.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nIt\'s second to last day and I went \u201c_bonkers_\u201d on the Rust :smile: Proceed to\\nread _Solution_ part on your own risk.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nYou are given a map with blizzards all over the place and you\'re supposed to\\nfind the minimum time it requires you to walk through the basin without getting\\nin any of the blizzards.\\n\\n#### Breakdown\\n\\nRelatively simple, yet a bit annoying, approach can be taken. It\'s technically\\na shortest-path algorithm implementation with some relaxation restrictions and\\nbeing able to stay on one position for some time, so each _vertex_ of the graph\\nis determined by the position on the map and the _timestamp_. I have chosen to\\nuse `Vector3D`, since `x` and `y` attributes can be used for the position\\nand, well, let\'s use `z` for a timestamp, cause why not, right? :wink:\\n\\n#### Evaluating the blizzards\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI think that this is the most perverted abuse of the traits in the whole 4 weeks\\nof AoC in Rust\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThe blizzards move along their respective directions in time and loop around in\\ntheir respective row/column. Each vertex holds position **and** time, so we can\\n_just_ index the basin with the vertex itself, right? Yes, we can :smiling_imp:\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nWhile writing this part, I\'ve recognized unnecessary verbosity in the code and\\ncleaned it up a bit. The changed version is shown here and the original was just\\nmore verbose.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI\'ll skip the boring parts of checking bounds and entry/exit of the basin :wink:\\nWe can easily calculate positions of the blizzards using a modular arithmetics:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index for Basin {\\n type Output = char;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Position) -> &Self::Output {\\n // \u2039skipped boring parts\u203a\\n\\n // We need to account for the loops of the blizzards\\n let width = self.cols - 2;\\n let height = self.rows - 2;\\n\\n let blizzard_origin = |size, d, t, i| ((i - 1 + size + d * (t % size)) % size + 1) as usize;\\n [\\n (\\n index.y() as usize,\\n blizzard_origin(width, -1, index.z(), index.x()),\\n \'>\',\\n ),\\n (\\n index.y() as usize,\\n blizzard_origin(width, 1, index.z(), index.x()),\\n \'<\',\\n ),\\n (\\n blizzard_origin(height, -1, index.z(), index.y()),\\n index.x() as usize,\\n \'v\',\\n ),\\n (\\n blizzard_origin(height, 1, index.z(), index.y()),\\n index.x() as usize,\\n \'^\',\\n ),\\n ]\\n .iter()\\n .find_map(|&(y, x, direction)| {\\n if self.map[y][x] == direction {\\n Some(&self.map[y][x])\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n .unwrap_or(&\'.\')\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAs you can see, there is an expression for calculating the original position and\\nit\'s used multiple times, so why not take it out to a lambda, right? :wink:\\n\\nI couldn\'t get the `rustfmt` to format the `for`-loop nicely, so I\'ve just\\ndecided to go with iterating over an elements of a slice. I have used, once\\nagain, a combination of two functions (`find_map` in this case) to do 2 things\\nat once and at the end, if we haven\'t found any blizzard, we just return the\\nempty space.\\n\\nI think it\'s a very _nice_ (and naughty) way how to use the `Index` trait, don\'t\\nyou think?\\n\\n#### Shortest-path algorithm\\n\\nFor the shortest path you can choose and adjust any of the common shortest-path\\nalgorithms, in my case, I have decided to use [_A\\\\*_] instead of Dijkstra\'s\\nalgorithm, since it better reflects the _cost_ function.\\n\\n:::info Comparison of costs\\n\\nWith the Dijkstra\'s algorithm I would proceed with the `time` attribute used as\\na priority for the queue.\\n\\nWhereas with the _A\\\\*_, I have chosen to use both time and Manhattan distance\\nthat promotes vertices closer to the exit **and** with a minimum time taken.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nCost function is, of course, a closure :wink:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet cost = |p: Position| p.z() as usize + exit.y().abs_diff(p.y()) + exit.x().abs_diff(p.x());\\n```\\n\\nAnd also for checking the possible moves from the current vertex, I have\\nimplemented, yet another, closure that yields an iterator with the next moves:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet next_positions = |p| {\\n [(0, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (-1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1)]\\n .iter()\\n .filter_map(move |&(x, y, t)| {\\n let next_p = p + Vector3D::new(x, y, t);\\n\\n if basin[next_p] == \'.\' {\\n Some(next_p)\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n};\\n```\\n\\n#### Min-heap\\n\\nIn this case I had a need to use the priority queue taking the elements with the\\nlowest cost as the prioritized ones. Rust only offers you the [`BinaryHeap`] and\\nthat is a max-heap. One of the ways how to achieve a min-heap is to put the\\nelements in wrapped in a [`Reverse`] (as is even showed in the linked [docs of\\nthe `BinaryHeap`]). However the wrapping affects the type of the heap and also\\npopping the most prioritized elements yields values wrapped in the `Reverse`.\\n\\nFor this purpose I have just taken the max-heap and wrapped it as a whole in a\\nseparate structure providing just the desired methods:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse std::cmp::{Ord, Reverse};\\nuse std::collections::BinaryHeap;\\n\\npub struct MinHeap {\\n heap: BinaryHeap>,\\n}\\n\\nimpl MinHeap {\\n pub fn new() -> MinHeap {\\n MinHeap {\\n heap: BinaryHeap::new(),\\n }\\n }\\n\\n pub fn push(&mut self, item: T) {\\n self.heap.push(Reverse(item))\\n }\\n\\n pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option {\\n self.heap.pop().map(|Reverse(x)| x)\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl Default for MinHeap {\\n fn default() -> Self {\\n Self::new()\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nRest is just the algorithm implementation which is not that interesting.\\n\\n## [Day 25: Full of Hot Air](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/25)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nPlaying around with a numbers in a _special_ base.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nGetting flashbacks to the _IB111 Foundations of Programming_\u2026 Very nice \u201cproblem\u201d\\nwith a rather easy solution, as the last day always seems to be.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nImplementing 2 functions, converting from the _SNAFU base_ and back to the _SNAFU_\\n_base_ representation. Let\'s do a bit more though! I have implemented two functions:\\n\\n- `from_snafu`\\n- `to_snafu`\\n\\nNow it is apparent that all I do is number to string and string to number. Hmm\u2026\\nthat sounds familiar, doesn\'t it? Let\'s introduce a structure for the SNAFU numbers\\nand implement the traits that we need.\\n\\nLet\'s start with a structure:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]\\nstruct SNAFU {\\n value: i64,\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Converting from `&str`\\n\\nWe will start by implementing the `FromStr` trait that will help us parse our input.\\nThis is rather simple, I can just take the `from_snafu` function, copy-paste it\\ninto the `from_str` method and the number I get will be wrapped in `Result` and\\n`SNAFU` structure.\\n\\n#### Converting to `String`\\n\\nThis is more fun. In some cases you need to implement only one trait and others\\nare automatically implemented using that one trait. In our case, if you look in\\nthe documentation, you can see that `ToString` trait is automatically implemented\\nfor any type that implements `Display` trait.\\n\\nLet\'s implement the `Display` trait then. We should be able to use the `to_snafu`\\nfunction and just take the `self.value` from the `SNAFU` structure.\\n\\nAnd for the convenience of tests, we can also implement a rather simple `From`\\ntrait for the `SNAFU`.\\n\\n#### Adjusting the code\\n\\nAfter those changes we need to adjust the code and tests.\\n\\nParsing of the input is very easy, before we have used the lines, now we parse\\neverything:\\n\\n```diff\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input {\\n- file_to_lines(pathname)\\n+ file_to_structs(pathname)\\n }\\n```\\n\\nPart 1 needs to be adjusted a bit too:\\n\\n```diff\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n- to_snafu(input.iter().map(|s| from_snafu(s)).sum())\\n+ SNAFU::from(input.iter().map(|s| s.value).sum::()).to_string()\\n }\\n```\\n\\nYou can also see that it simplifies the meaning a bit and it is more explicit than\\nthe previous versions.\\n\\nAnd for the tests:\\n\\n```diff\\n #[test]\\n fn test_from() {\\n- for (n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n- assert_eq!(from_snafu(s), *n);\\n+ for (&n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n+ assert_eq!(s.parse::().unwrap().value, n);\\n }\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_to() {\\n- for (n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n- assert_eq!(to_snafu(*n), s.to_string());\\n+ for (&n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n+ assert_eq!(SNAFU::from(n).to_string(), s.to_string());\\n }\\n```\\n\\n## Summary\\n\\nLet\'s wrap the whole thing up! Keeping in mind both AoC and the Rust\u2026\\n\\n![Finished advent calendar :smile:](/img/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4/calendar.png)\\n\\n### Advent of Code\\n\\nThis year was quite fun, even though most of the solutions and posts came in\\nlater on (_cough_ in \'23 _cough_). Day 22 was the most obnoxious one\u2026 And also\\nit feels like I used priority queues and tree data structures **a lot** :eyes:\\n\\n### with Rust\\n\\nI must admit that a lot of compiler warnings and errors were very useful. Even\\nthough I still found some instances where they didn\'t help at all or cause even\\nworse issues than I had. Compilation times have been addressed with the caching.\\n\\nBuilding my first tree data structure in Rust has been a very \u201cinteresting\u201d\\njourney. Being able to write a more generic BFS algorithm that allows you to not\\nduplicate code while still mantaining the desired functionality contributes to\\na very readable code.\\n\\nI am definitely much more aware of the basic things that bloated Python is\\nmissing, yet Rust has them\u2026\\n\\nUsing explicit types and writing down placeholder functions with `todo!()`\\nmacros is very pleasant, since it allows you to easily navigate the type system\\nduring the development when you don\'t even need to be sure how are you going to\\nput the smaller pieces together.\\n\\nI have used a plethora of traits and also implemented some of them to either be\\nidiomatic, or exploit the syntactic sugar they offer. Deriving the default trait\\nimplementation is also very helpful in a lot of cases, e.g. debugging output,\\ncopying, equality comparison, etc.\\n\\nI confess to touching more \u201ccursed\u201d parts of the Rust, such as macros to\\ndeclutter the copy-paste for tests or writing my own structures that need to\\ncarry a lifetime for their own fields.\\n\\ntl;dr Relatively pleasant language until you hit brick wall :wink:\\n\\n---\\n\\nSee you next year! Maybe in Rust, maybe not :upside_down_face:\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[_a\\\\*_]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm\\n[`binaryheap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html\\n[`reverse`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/struct.Reverse.html\\n[docs of the `binaryheap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html#min-heap"},{"id":"aoc-2022/3rd-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/03-week-3.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/03-week-3.md","title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving third week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-06T21:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"July 6, 2023","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":11.57,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving third week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-06T21:00","slug":"aoc-2022/3rd-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the third week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 15: Beacon Exclusion Zone](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/15)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nTriangulating a distress beacon based on the information from the sensors.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively easy thing to implement, no major Rust issues hit.\\n\\n## [Day 16: Proboscidea Volcanium](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/16)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding a max flow in a graph given some time constraints.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI have used some interesting things to implement this and make it easier for me.\\n\\n#### Indexing in graph\\n\\nI have come across a situation where I needed to keep more information regarding\\nthe graph\u2026 In that case you can, of course, create a structure and keep it in,\\nbut once you have multiple members in the structure it gets harder to work with\\nsince you need to address the fields in the structure. When you work with graph,\\nyou frequently need to access the vertices and in this case it felt a lot easier\\nto implement the indexing in a graph, rather than explicitly access the\\nunderlying data structure.\\n\\nHere you can see a rather short snippet from the solution that allows you to\\n\u201cindex\u201d the graph:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index<&str> for Graph {\\n type Output = Vertex;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: &str) -> &Self::Output {\\n &self.g[index]\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Cartesian product\\n\\nDuring the implementation I had to utilize Floyd-Warshall algorithm for finding\\nthe shortest path between pairs of vertices and utilized the `iproduct!` macro\\nfrom the [`itertools`]. It is a very useful higher-order function that allows\\nyou to keep the nesting of the loops at a minimum level while still maintaining\\nthe same functionality.\\n\\n#### \u201cImplementing\u201d an iterator\\n\\nFor the second part, you get to split the work between 2 actors. That way you\\ncan achieve higher efficiency of the whole process that you\'re planning, but it\\nalso makes it harder to evaluate algorithmically, since you need to check the\\ndifferent ways the work can be split.\\n\\nBeing affected by _functional programming brain damage_:tm:, I have chosen to\\ndo this part by function that returns an iterator over the possible ways:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn pairings(\\n valves: &BTreeSet,\\n) -> impl Iterator, BTreeSet)> + \'_ {\\n let mapping = valves.iter().collect_vec();\\n\\n let max_mask = 1 << (valves.len() - 1);\\n\\n (0..max_mask).map(move |mask| {\\n let mut elephant = BTreeSet::new();\\n let mut human = BTreeSet::new();\\n\\n for (i, &v) in mapping.iter().enumerate() {\\n if (mask & (1 << i)) == 0 {\\n human.insert(v.clone());\\n } else {\\n elephant.insert(v.clone());\\n }\\n }\\n\\n (human, elephant)\\n })\\n}\\n```\\n\\n## [Day 17: Pyroclastic Flow](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/17)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating an autonomous Tetris where pieces get affected by a series of jets of\\nhot gas.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nSimilarly to the previous day I have created some iterators :smile:\\n\\n#### Collision detection\\n\\nOnce you need to check for collisions it is very helpful to be able to just\\niterate through the positions that can actually collide with the wall or other\\npiece.\\n\\nTo get the desired behaviour, you can just compose few smaller functions:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn occupied(shape: &[Vec]) -> impl Iterator + \'_ {\\n shape.iter().enumerate().flat_map(|(y, row)| {\\n row.iter().enumerate().filter_map(move |(x, c)| {\\n if c == &\'#\' {\\n Some(Vector2D::new(x as isize, y as isize))\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n })\\n}\\n```\\n\\nIn the end, we get relative positions which we can adjust later when given the\\nspecific positions from iterator. You can see some interesting parts in this:\\n\\n- `.enumerate()` allows us to get both the indices (coordinates) and the line\\n or, later on, the character itself,\\n- `.flat_map()` flattens the iterator, i.e. when we return another iterator,\\n they just get chained instead of iterating over iterators (which sounds pretty\\n disturbing, doesn\'t it?),\\n- and finally `.filter_map()` which is pretty similar to the \u201cbasic\u201d `.map()`\\n with a one, key, difference that it expects the items of an iterator to be\\n mapped to an `Option` from which it ignores nothing (as in `None` :wink:)\\n and also unwraps the values from `Some(\u2026)`.\\n\\n#### Infinite iterator\\n\\nIn the solution we cycle through both Tetris-like shapes that fall down and the\\njets that move our pieces around. Initially I have implemented my own infinite\\niterator that just yields the indices. It is a very simple, yet powerful, piece\\nof code:\\n\\n```rust\\nstruct InfiniteIndex {\\n size: usize,\\n i: usize,\\n}\\n\\nimpl InfiniteIndex {\\n fn new(size: usize) -> InfiniteIndex {\\n InfiniteIndex { size, i: size - 1 }\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl Iterator for InfiniteIndex {\\n type Item = usize;\\n\\n fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\\n self.i = (self.i + 1) % self.size;\\n Some(self.i)\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nHowever when I\'m looking at the code now, it doesn\'t really make much sense\u2026\\nGuess what, we can use a built-in function that is implemented on iterators for\\nthat! The function is called `.cycle()`\\n\\nOn the other hand, I am not going to switch to that function, since it would\\nintroduce an another myriad of issues caused by the fact that I create iterators\\nright away in the constructor of my structure and the iterators would borrow\\nboth the jets and shapes which would introduce a lifetime dependency into the\\nstructure.\\n\\n## [Day 18: Boiling Boulders](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/18)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s compute a surface area of some obsidian approximated via coordinates of\\ncubes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThis day is kinda interesting, because it shows how easily you can complicate the\\nproblem and also how much can you screw yourself over with the optimization and\\n\u201csmart\u201d approach.\\n\\nFor the first part you need to find the surface area of an obsidian that is\\napproximated by cubes. Now, that is a very easy thing to do, just keep the track\\nof already added cubes, and check if the newly added cube touches any face of any\\nother cube. Simple, and with a `BTreeSet` relatively efficient way to do it.\\n\\nHowever the second part lets you on a secret that there may be some surface area\\nfrom the \u201cinside\u201d too and you want to know only the one from the outside of the\\nobsidian. I have seen some solutions later, but if you check your data, you might\\nnotice that the bounding box of all the cubes isn\'t that big at all. Therefore I\\nchose to pre-construct the box beforehand, fill in the cubes and then just run a\\nBFS turning all the lava on the outside into the air. Now you just need to check\\ncubes and count how many of their faces touch the air.\\n\\n## [Day 19: Not Enough Minerals](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/19)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding out the best strategy for building robots to collect geodes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nNot much interesting stuff to mention apart from the suggestion to never believe\\nthat the default implementation given by `derive` macro is what you want, it\\ndoesn\'t have to be. :smile:\\n\\n## [Day 20: Grove Positioning System](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/20)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nShuffling around the _circular linked list_ to find the coordinates.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNow, small rant for this day is in place. They\'ve never mentioned that coordinates\\ncan repeat and therefore the values are non-unique. This is something that did\\nnot happen in the given sample, but was present in the user input. It took \xbba lot\xab\\nto realize that this is the issue.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI have tried implementing a circular linked list for this\u2026 and I have failed\\nmiserably. To be fair, I still have no clue why. It was \u201cfun\u201d to play around with\\nthe `Rc>`. In the end I failed on _wrong answer_. I have also encountered\\na rather interesting issue with `.borrow_mut()` method being used on `Rc>`.\\n\\n#### `.borrow_mut()`\\n\\nConsider the following snippet of the code (taken from the documentation):\\n\\n```rust\\nuse std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};\\nuse std::collections::HashMap;\\nuse std::rc::Rc;\\n// use std::borrow::BorrowMut;\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let shared_map: Rc> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::new()));\\n // Create a new block to limit the scope of the dynamic borrow\\n {\\n let mut map: RefMut<_> = shared_map.borrow_mut();\\n map.insert(\\"africa\\", 92388);\\n map.insert(\\"kyoto\\", 11837);\\n map.insert(\\"piccadilly\\", 11826);\\n map.insert(\\"marbles\\", 38);\\n }\\n\\n // Note that if we had not let the previous borrow of the cache fall out\\n // of scope then the subsequent borrow would cause a dynamic thread panic.\\n // This is the major hazard of using `RefCell`.\\n let total: i32 = shared_map.borrow().values().sum();\\n println!(\\"{total}\\");\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe allocate a hash map on the heap and then in the inner block, we borrow it as\\na mutable reference, so that we can use it.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIt is a very primitive example for `Rc>` and mutable borrow.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIf you uncomment the 4th line with `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;`, you cannot\\ncompile the code anymore, because of\\n\\n```\\n Compiling playground v0.0.1 (/playground)\\nerror[E0308]: mismatched types\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:10:34\\n |\\n10 | let mut map: RefMut<_> = shared_map.borrow_mut();\\n | --------- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `RefMut`, found mutable reference\\n | |\\n | expected due to this\\n |\\n = note: expected struct `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n found mutable reference `&mut Rc>>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:11:13\\n |\\n11 | map.insert(\\"africa\\", 92388);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:12:13\\n |\\n12 | map.insert(\\"kyoto\\", 11837);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:13:13\\n |\\n13 | map.insert(\\"piccadilly\\", 11826);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:14:13\\n |\\n14 | map.insert(\\"marbles\\", 38);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nSome errors have detailed explanations: E0308, E0599.\\nFor more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.\\nerror: could not compile `playground` due to 5 previous errors\\n```\\n\\nIt might seem **a bit** ridiculous. However, I got to a point where the compiler\\nsuggested `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;` and it resulted in breaking parts of the\\ncode that worked previously. I think it may be a good idea to go over what is\\nhappening here.\\n\\n##### `.borrow_mut()` on `Rc>`\\n\\nLet\'s consider a variable `x` of type `Rc>`. What happens when you\\ncall `.borrow_mut()` on it? We can look at the `Rc` type, and\u2026 hang on! There is\\nneither `.borrow_mut()` method or `BorrowMut` trait implemented. How can we do it\\nthen?\\n\\nLet\'s go further and we can see that `RefCell` implements a `.borrow_mut()`\\nmethod. OK, but how can we call it on the `Rc`? Easily! `Rc` implements\\n`Deref` and therefore you can call methods on `Rc` objects as if they were\\n`T` objects. If we read on _`Deref` coercion_, we can see the following:\\n\\n> If `T` implements `Deref`, \u2026:\\n>\\n> - \u2026\\n> - `T` implicitly implements all the (immutable) methods of the type `U`.\\n\\nWhat is the requirement for the `.borrow_mut()` on `RefCell`? Well, it needs\\n`&self`, so the `Deref` implements the `.borrow_mut()` for the `Rc>`.\\n\\n##### `BorrowMut` trait\\n\\nI have not been able to find a lot on this trait. My guess is that it provides a\\nmethod instead of a syntactic sugar (`&mut x`) for the mutable borrow. And also\\nit provides default implementations for the types:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl BorrowMut for String\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for &mut T\\nwhere\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for T\\nwhere\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut<[T]> for Vec\\nwhere\\n A: Allocator,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for Box\\nwhere\\n A: Allocator,\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut<[T]> for [T; N]\\n```\\n\\n##### Conflict\\n\\nNow the question is why did it break the code\u2026 My first take was that the type\\n`Rc>` has some _specialized_ implementation of the `.borrow_mut()` and\\nthe `use` overrides it with the default, which is true **in a sense**. However\\nthere is no _specialized_ implementation. Let\'s have a look at the trait and the\\ntype signature on the `RefCell`:\\n\\n```rust\\n// trait\\npub trait BorrowMut: Borrow\\nwhere\\n Borrowed: ?Sized,\\n{\\n fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Borrowed;\\n}\\n\\n// \u2039RefCell.borrow_mut()\u203a type signature\\npub fn borrow_mut(&self) -> RefMut<\'_, T>\\n```\\n\\nI think that we can definitely agree on the fact that `RefMut<\'_, T>` is not the\\n`RefCell`.\\n\\n**In my opinion**, `RefCell` implements a **separate** `.borrow_mut()` rather\\nthan implementing the interface, because it **cannot** satisfy the type requirements\\nof the trait.\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI wonder how are we expected to deal with this conflict, if and when, we need\\nboth the `.borrow_mut()` of the trait and `.borrow_mut()` of the `RefCell`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nI was suggested by the compiler to do `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;` and break the\\ncode.\\n\\nSo much for the _almighty_ and _helpful_ compiler\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## [Day 21: Monkey Math](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/21)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nComputing an expression tree and then also finding ideal value for a node.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively simple, until you get to the 2nd part where you start to practice\\na lot of the copy-paste. I have managed to sneak some perverted stuff in there\\nthough :) Let\'s go through the details.\\n\\n#### `Default` trait\\n\\nFor the first time and twice I had a need to have a default value for my types,\\nenumerations in this case. Rust offers a very nice trait[^1] that is described\\nas:\\n\\n> A trait for giving a type a useful default value.\\n\\nI guess it sums it up nicely. The more interesting part about this is the fact\\nthat you can use the _macro machinery_ to save yourself some typing. If you have\\nenumeration of which the default value doesn\'t bear any parameter, you can just\\ndo[^2]:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[derive(Default)]\\nenum Color {\\n #[default]\\n White,\\n Gray,\\n Black,\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Abusing negation\\n\\nIf you want to use a _unary minus_ operator on your own type, you can implement\\na `Neg` trait[^3]. I was dealing with a binary tree and needed a way how to look\\nat the other side, so I have just implemented the negation for flipping between\\nleft and right :smile:\\n\\n[^1]: [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) docs\\n[^2]: Pardon my example from the graph algorithms ;)\\n[^3]: [`Neg`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Neg.html) docs\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[`itertools`]: https://crates.io/crates/itertools\\n[this reddit post and the comment]: https://www.reddit.com/r/adventofcode/comments/zb98pn/comment/iyq0ono"},{"id":"leetcode/sort-diagonally","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally.md","source":"@site/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally.md","title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","description":"Compiler assisted development.","date":"2023-03-04T23:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"March 4, 2023","tags":[{"label":"cpp","permalink":"/blog/tags/cpp"},{"label":"leetcode","permalink":"/blog/tags/leetcode"},{"label":"iterators","permalink":"/blog/tags/iterators"}],"readingTime":16.99,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","description":"Compiler assisted development.","date":"2023-03-04T23:15","slug":"leetcode/sort-diagonally","authors":"mf","tags":["cpp","leetcode","iterators"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week"}},"content":"Let\'s try to solve one of the LeetCode challenges in easy and hard mode at the\\nsame time.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n- Link to the problem: https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-the-matrix-diagonally/\\n\\n## Problem description\\n\\nA **matrix diagonal** is a diagonal line of cells starting from some cell in\\neither the topmost row or leftmost column and going in the bottom-right direction\\nuntil reaching the matrix\'s end. For example, the **matrix diagonal** starting\\nfrom `mat[2][0]`, where `mat` is a `6 x 3` matrix, includes cells `mat[2][0]`,\\n`mat[3][1]`, and `mat[4][2]`.\\n\\nGiven an `m x n` matrix `mat` of integers, sort each matrix diagonal in ascending\\norder and return the resulting matrix.\\n\\n### Example\\n\\n![Image describing the problem](https://assets.leetcode.com/uploads/2020/01/21/1482_example_1_2.png)\\n\\n## Skeleton and initial adjustments\\n\\nWe are given the following skeleton for the C++ and the given challenge:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass Solution {\\npublic:\\n vector> diagonalSort(vector>& mat) {\\n\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nThe task is to sort the passed matrix diagonally and then return it. First of all,\\nI don\'t like to solve this in a web browser, so we\'ll need to adjust it accordingly\\nfor running it locally. We\'ll start by including the `vector` header and using\\nfully-qualified namespaces[^1] and also adding few tests:\\n\\n```cpp\\n#include \\n#include \\n\\nusing matrix = std::vector>;\\n\\nclass Solution {\\npublic:\\n matrix diagonalSort(matrix& mat)\\n {\\n }\\n};\\n\\nstatic void test_case_1()\\n{\\n // Input: mat = [[3,3,1,1],[2,2,1,2],[1,1,1,2]]\\n // Output: [[1,1,1,1],[1,2,2,2],[1,2,3,3]]\\n\\n Solution s;\\n assert((s.diagonalSort(std::vector { std::vector { 3, 3, 1, 1 },\\n std::vector { 2, 2, 1, 2 },\\n std::vector { 1, 1, 1, 2 } })\\n == std::vector { std::vector { 1, 1, 1, 1 },\\n std::vector { 1, 2, 2, 2 },\\n std::vector { 1, 2, 3, 3 } }));\\n}\\n\\nstatic void test_case_2()\\n{\\n // Input: mat =\\n // [[11,25,66,1,69,7],[23,55,17,45,15,52],[75,31,36,44,58,8],[22,27,33,25,68,4],[84,28,14,11,5,50]]\\n // Output:\\n // [[5,17,4,1,52,7],[11,11,25,45,8,69],[14,23,25,44,58,15],[22,27,31,36,50,66],[84,28,75,33,55,68]]\\n\\n Solution s;\\n assert((s.diagonalSort(std::vector { std::vector { 11, 25, 66, 1, 69, 7 },\\n std::vector { 23, 55, 17, 45, 15, 52 },\\n std::vector { 75, 31, 36, 44, 58, 8 },\\n std::vector { 22, 27, 33, 25, 68, 4 },\\n std::vector { 84, 28, 14, 11, 5, 50 } })\\n == std::vector { std::vector { 5, 17, 4, 1, 52, 7 },\\n std::vector { 11, 11, 25, 45, 8, 69 },\\n std::vector { 14, 23, 25, 44, 58, 15 },\\n std::vector { 22, 27, 31, 36, 50, 66 },\\n std::vector { 84, 28, 75, 33, 55, 68 } }));\\n}\\n\\nint main()\\n{\\n test_case_1();\\n test_case_2();\\n\\n return 0;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe need to return the matrix, but we\'re given a reference to the input matrix. We\\ncan easily abuse the C++ here and just switch the reference to value, this way\\nthe matrix will be copied when passed to the function, we can sort the copy and\\njust return it back. And we also get yelled by the compiler for the fact that the\\nmethod doesn\'t return anything yet, so to make it \u201cshut up\u201d we will just return\\nthe input for now:\\n\\n```diff\\n- matrix diagonalSort(matrix& mat)\\n+ matrix diagonalSort(matrix mat)\\n {\\n+ return mat;\\n }\\n```\\n\\nNow, we get the copy and we\'re good to go.\\n\\n## Na\xefve solution\\n\\nAs you may know, C++ offers a plethora of functions that can be used to your\\nadvantage, given that you know how to \u201cbend\u201d the data structures accordingly.\\n\\nWhat does that mean for us? Well, we have an `std::sort`, we can use it, right?\\nLet\'s have a look at it:\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate< class RandomIt >\\nvoid sort( RandomIt first, RandomIt last );\\n```\\n\\nThis overload is more than we need. What does it do? It just sorts the elements\\nin the range `[first, last)` using `operator<` on them. We can\'t sort the whole\\nmatrix using this, but\u2026 we can sort just \xbbone\xab diagonal without doing much work\\non our end.\\n\\nWhat is the `RandomIt` type though? If we look more into the documentation, we\\ncan easily find the requirements for it and also learn that it\'s a _random access_\\n_iterator_ and allows swapping its values at the same time.\\n\\n:::tip Random access iterator\\n\\nWhat is the _random access iterator_ though? We can find it in a documentation\\nand see the following description:\\n\\n> A **LegacyRandomAccessIterator** is a [LegacyBidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator)\\n> that can be moved to point to any element in constant time.\\n\\nAfter that we can see all the requirements for it being listed. I don\'t feel like\\nreading them right now, so we will just use it and see where the compilation blows\\nup, i.e. \u201c_compiler-assisted development_\u201d[^2] if you will ;)\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNow we know that we can use `std::sort` to sort the diagonal itself, but we also\\nneed to get the diagonals somehow. I\'m rather lazy, so I\'ll just delegate it to\\nsomeone else[^3]. And that way we get\\n\\n```cpp\\nmatrix diagonalSort(matrix mat)\\n{\\n // we iterate over the diagonals\\n for (auto d : diagonals(mat)) {\\n // and we sort each diagonal\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n }\\n\\n // we take the matrix by copy, so we can sort in-situ and return the copy\\n // that we sorted\\n return mat;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis solution looks very simple, doesn\'t it? Well, cause it is.\\nLet\'s try compiling it:\\n\\n```\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:11:23: error: use of undeclared identifier \'diagonals\' [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n for (auto d : diagonals(mat)) {\\n ^\\nFound compiler error(s).\\nmake: *** [makefile:14: tidy] Error 1\\n```\\n\\nOK, seems about right. We haven\'t implemented the `diagonals` yet. And based on\\nwhat we\'ve written so far, we need a function or a class `diagonals` that will\\ngive us the diagonals we need.\\n\\n## Implementing the `diagonals`\\n\\nCool, so we need the function that will let us go through each and every diagonal\\nin our matrix. We use the _for-range_ loop, so whatever we get back from the\\n`diagonals` must support `.begin()` and `.end()`. Since I am a masochist, we will\\ndo such functionality for a matrix of any type, not just the `int` from the challenge.\\n\\nAs I said, we need to be able to\\n\\n- construct the object\\n- get the beginning\\n- get the end (the \u201csentinel\u201d)\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate \\nclass diagonals {\\n using matrix_t = std::vector>;\\n\\n matrix_t& _matrix;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals(matrix_t& m)\\n : _matrix(m)\\n {\\n }\\n diagonals_iter begin()\\n {\\n /* TODO */\\n }\\n diagonals_iter end()\\n {\\n /* TODO */\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nNow we have a `diagonals` that we can use to go through the diagonals. We haven\'t\\nimplemented the core of it yet. Let\'s go through what we have for now.\\n\\nWe have a templated class with templated `T` that is used as a placeholder for any\\ntype we would store in the matrix. Because I\'m lazy, I have defined the `matrix_t`\\ntype that is a \u201cshortcut\u201d for `std::vector>`, so I don\'t have to\\ntype it out all the time. Of course, we need to store the matrix, we are given,\\nas a private attribute. And then just have the constructor and the 2 methods we\\nneed for the _for-range_.\\n\\n### Iterating over diagonals\\n\\nNow that we have an object that will allow us to iterate through the diagonals,\\nwe need to implement the iterating itself. We need to go through all of them, so\\nwe have multiple options how to do so. I have decided to start from the \u201cmain\u201d\\ndiagonal that starts at `(0, 0)` index and then proceed with the diagonals starting\\nin the first row, followed by the rest of the diagonals in the first column.\\n\\nWe need to be able to tell that we\'ve iterated through all of them, and also we\\nneed to know which diagonal is next. For that purpose we will pass the indices\\nof the first cell on the diagonal. That way we can always tell how to move forward.\\n\\nWe will start by updating the `begin` and `end` to reflect our choice accordingly.\\n\\n```cpp\\ndiagonals_iter begin() { return diagonals_iter { _matrix, 0, 0 }; }\\ndiagonals_iter end() { return diagonals_iter { _matrix, 0, _matrix.size() }; }\\n```\\n\\nFor the `begin` we return the first diagonal that starts at `(0, 0)`. And because\\nwe have decided to do the diagonals in the first column at the end, the first\\ndiagonal that is not a valid one is the one at `(0, height)`. Apart from the\\nindices, we also need to pass reference to the matrix itself.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nYou may have noticed that we also include the diagonals that have length 1,\\nspecifically the ones at `(0, height - 1)` and `(width - 1, 0)`. We are implementing\\nan iterator that **should not** care about the way it\'s being used. Therefore, we\\ndon\'t care about the fact they don\'t need to be sorted.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nCool, let\'s leave the iterator itself to someone else, right?[^4]\\n\\n### Implementing the iterator over diagonals\\n\\nWe can start with a simple skeleton based on the information that we pass from\\nthe `diagonals`. Also to utilize the `matrix_t` and also contain implementation\\ndetails hidden away, we will put this code into the `diagonals` class.\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonals_iter {\\n matrix_t& m;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals_iter(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nIn this case we will be implementing a \u201csimple\u201d forward iterator, so we don\'t\\nneed to implement a lot. Notably it will be:\\n\\n- inequality operator (we need to know when we reach the end and have nothing to\\n iterate over)\\n- preincrementation operator (we need to be able to move around the iterable)\\n- dereference operator (we need to be able to retrieve the objects we iterate\\n over)\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonals_iter {\\n matrix_t& m;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals_iter(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator!=(const diagonals_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n // iterators are not equal if they reference different matrices, or\\n // their positions differ\\n return m != rhs.m || x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y;\\n }\\n\\n diagonals_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n if (y != 0) {\\n // iterating through diagonals down the first column\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n // iterating the diagonals along the first row\\n x++;\\n if (x == m.front().size()) {\\n // switching to diagonals in the first column\\n x = 0;\\n y++;\\n }\\n\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal operator*() const { return diagonal { m, x, y }; }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s go one-by-one. Inequality operator is rather simple, just compare iterator\'s\\nattributes field-by-field. If you think about it, checking inequality of two 2D\\nvectors may be a bit inefficient, therefore, we can swap around and check it as\\na last thing.\\n\\n```diff\\n- return m != rhs.m || x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y;\\n+ return x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y || m != rhs.m;\\n```\\n\\nPreincrementation is where the magic happens. If you have a better look, you can\\nsee two branches of this operation:\\n\\n1. When `y != 0` (we\'re iterating over the diagonals in the first column)\\n In this case, we just bump the row and we\'re done.\\n2. When `y == 0` (we\'re iterating over the diagonals in the first row)\\n In this case, we bump the column and check if we haven\'t gotten out of bounds,\\n i.e. the end of the first row. If we get out of the bounds, we\'re continuing\\n with the second diagonal in the first column.\\n\\nDereferencing the iterator must \u201cyield\u201d something. In our case it will be the\\ndiagonal that we want to sort. For sorting we need just the iterators that can\\nmove around said diagonal. The simplest thing, we can do, is to delegate it to\\nsomething else. In our case it will be a class called `diagonal`.\\n\\n## Implementing the `diagonal` itself\\n\\nAfter implementing the iterator over diagonals, we know that all we need to describe\\na diagonal is the matrix itself and the \u201cstart\u201d of the diagonal (row and column).\\nAnd we also know that the diagonal must provide some iterators for the `std::sort`\\nfunction. We can start with the following skeleton:\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate \\nclass diagonal {\\n using matrix_t = std::vector>;\\n\\n matrix_t& matrix;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonal(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : matrix(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter begin() const { return diagonal_iter { matrix, x, y }; }\\n\\n diagonal_iter end() const\\n {\\n auto max_x = matrix[y].size();\\n auto max_y = matrix.size();\\n\\n // we need to find the distance in which we get out of bounds (either in\\n // column or row)\\n auto steps = std::min(max_x - x, max_y - y);\\n\\n return diagonal_iter { matrix, x + steps, y + steps };\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nInitialization is rather simple, we just \u201ckeep\u201d the stuff we get, `begin` is the\\nsimplest, we just delegate.\\n\\nIn case of the `end`, it gets more complicated. We need to know where is the \u201cend\u201d\\nof the diagonal. Since `end` should point to the first element \u201cafter\u201d the iterable,\\nwe know that it\'s the first position of the iterator where either `y` becomes\\n`matrix.size()` or `x` becomes `matrix[y].size()`. Also we are moving along diagonal,\\nduh, therefore we can deduce the first \u201cposition\u201d afterwards by minimal amount of\\nsteps to get out of the any column or row, hence `std::min(max_x - x, max_y - y)`.\\nFinal position is then computed simply by adding the steps to the beginning of\\nthe diagonal.\\n\\nNow we just need to finish the iterator for the diagonal itself and we\'re done.\\n\\n### Implementing `diagonal_iter`\\n\\nThis part is the hardest from all we need to do. It\'s because of the requirements\\nof the `std::sort` that requires us to implement a _random access iterator_. I have\\nbriefly described it above, and \u201cin a nutshell\u201d it means that we need to implement\\nan iterator that can move in constant time along the diagonal in any amount of\\nsteps.\\n\\nLet\'s go through all of the functionality that our iterator needs to support to\\nbe used in `std::sort`. We need the usual operations like:\\n\\n- equality/inequality\\n- incrementation\\n- dereferencing\\n\\nWe will also add all the types that our iterator uses with the category of the\\niterator, i.e. what interface it supports:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonal_iter {\\n // we need to keep reference to the matrix itself\\n matrix_t& m;\\n\\n // we need to be able to tell our current position\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;\\n using value_type = T;\\n using pointer = T*;\\n using reference = T&;\\n using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;\\n\\n diagonal_iter(matrix_t& matrix,\\n std::size_t x,\\n std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator==(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n // we are moving along the diagonal, so we increment both \u2039x\u203a and \u2039y\u203a at\\n // the same time\\n x++;\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nThis is pretty similar to the previous iterator, but now we need to implement the\\nremaining requirements of the _random access iterator_. Let\'s see what those are:\\n\\n- decrementation - cause we need to be able to move backwards too, since _random _\\n _access iterator_ extends the interface of _bidirectional iterator_\\n- moving the iterator in either direction by steps given as an integer\\n- being able to tell the distance between two iterators\\n- define an ordering on the iterators\\n\\nLet\'s fill them in:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonal_iter {\\n // we need to keep reference to the matrix itself\\n matrix_t& m;\\n\\n // we need to be able to tell our current position\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;\\n using value_type = T;\\n using pointer = T*;\\n using reference = T&;\\n using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;\\n\\n diagonal_iter(matrix_t& matrix,\\n std::size_t x,\\n std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator==(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n // we are moving along the diagonal, so we increment both \u2039x\u203a and \u2039y\u203a at\\n // the same time\\n x++;\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n\\n // exactly opposite to the incrementation\\n diagonal_iter operator--()\\n {\\n x--;\\n y--;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n // moving \u2039n\u203a steps back is same as calling decrementation \u2039n\u203a-times, so we\\n // can just return a new iterator and subtract \u2039n\u203a from both coordinates in\\n // the matrix\\n diagonal_iter operator-(difference_type n) const\\n {\\n return diagonal_iter { m, x - n, y - n };\\n }\\n\\n // here we assume that we are given two iterators on the same diagonal\\n difference_type operator-(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n assert(m == rhs.m);\\n return x - rhs.x;\\n }\\n\\n // counterpart of moving \u2039n\u203a steps backwards\\n diagonal_iter operator+(difference_type n) const\\n {\\n return diagonal_iter { m, x + n, y + n };\\n }\\n\\n // we compare the coordinates, and also assume that those 2 iterators are\\n // lying on the same diagonal\\n bool operator<(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n assert(m == rhs.m);\\n return x < rhs.x && y < rhs.y;\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nAt this point we could probably try and compile it, right? If we do so, we will\\nget yelled at by a compiler for the following reasons:\\n\\n```\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1792:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n __last = __next;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1817:11: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__unguarded_linear_insert::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__unguarded_linear_insert(__i,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1849:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__insertion_sort(__first, __first + int(_S_threshold), __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1940:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__final_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1830:2: error: no matching function for call to \'__unguarded_linear_insert\' [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n std::__unguarded_linear_insert(__i,\\n ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1850:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__unguarded_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__unguarded_insertion_sort(__first + int(_S_threshold), __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1940:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__final_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1782:5: note: candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _RandomAccessIterator = diagonal::diagonal_iter, _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_less_iter]\\n __unguarded_linear_insert(_RandomAccessIterator __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1923:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n __last = __cut;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1937:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__introsort_loop::diagonal_iter, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__introsort_loop(__first, __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n```\\n\\nThat\'s a lot of noise, isn\'t it? Let\'s focus on the important parts:\\n\\n```\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1792:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n\u2026\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n```\\n\\nAh! We have a reference in our iterator, and this prevents us from having a copy\\nassignment operator (that is used \u201csomewhere\u201d in the sorting algorithm). Well\u2026\\nLet\'s just wrap it!\\n\\n```diff\\n# we need to keep a different type than reference\\n- matrix_t& m;\\n+ std::reference_wrapper m;\\n\\n# in comparison we need to get the reference out of the wrapper first\\n- return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n+ return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m.get() == rhs.m.get();\\n\\n# same when we return a reference to the \u201ccell\u201d in the matrix\\n- reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n+ reference operator*() const { return m.get()[y][x]; }\\n\\n# and finally in the assertions that we set for the \u201cdistance\u201d and \u201cless than\u201d\\n- assert(m == rhs.m);\\n+ assert(m.get() == rhs.m.get());\\n```\\n\\nWe\'re done now! We have written an iterator over diagonals for a 2D `vector`. You can have a look at the final result [here](pathname:///files/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally/matrix-sort.cpp).\\n\\n[^1]: just because I\'m used to it and don\'t care about your opinion ;)\\n[^2]: exercise at your own risk\\n[^3]: me in 5 minutes in fact, but don\'t make me scared\\n[^4]: me in the next section\u2026"},{"id":"aoc-2022/2nd-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/02-week-2.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/02-week-2.md","title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving second week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-25T23:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 25, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":20.875,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving second week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-25T23:15","slug":"aoc-2022/2nd-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally"},"nextItem":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the second week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 8: Treetop Tree House](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/8)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nWe get a forest and we want to know how many trees are visible from the outside.\\nApart from that we want to find the best view.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNothing interesting. We are moving around 2D map though. And indexing can get a\\nbit painful when doing so, let\'s refactor it a bit ;) During the preparation for\\nthe AoC, I have written `Vector2D` and now it\'s time to extend it with indexing\\nof `Vec` of `Vec`s. In my solution I was manipulating with indices in the following\\nway:\\n\\n- swapping them\\n- checking whether they are correct indices for the `Vec>`\\n- indexing `Vec>` with them\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI\'m getting familiar with Rust and starting to \u201cabuse\u201d it\u2026 While doing so, I\'m\\nalso uncovering some \u201cfeatures\u201d that I don\'t really like. Therefore I will mark\\nall of my rants with _thicc_ **\xab\u21af\xbb** mark and will try to \u201clock\u201d them into their\\nown \u201cbox of hell\u201d.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n#### Swapping indices\\n\\nRelatively simple implementation, just take the values, swap them and return new\\nvector.\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Vector2D {\\n pub fn swap(&self) -> Self {\\n Self {\\n x: self.y,\\n y: self.x,\\n }\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nPretty straight-forward implementation, but let\'s talk about the `T: Copy`. We\\nneed to use it, since we are returning a **new** vector, with swapped **values**.\\nIf we had values that cannot be copied, the only thing we could do, would be a\\nvector of references (and it would also introduce a lifetime, to which we\'ll get\\nlater on). This is pretty similar with the operations on sets from the first week.\\n\\n#### Indexing `Vec`\\n\\nI will start with the indexing, cause bound-checking is a bit more\u2026 complicated\\nthan I would like to.\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index<\'a, T, U>(v: &\'a [Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a U\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s talk about this mess\u2026 Body of the function is probably the most easy part\\nand should not be hard to understand, we just take the `x` and `y` and convert\\nthem both to `usize` type that can be used later on for indexing.\\n\\nThe type signature of the function is where the fun is at :wink: We are trying\\nto convert unknown type to `usize`, so we must bound the `T` as a type that can\\nbe converted to `usize`, that\'s how we got `usize: TryFrom` which basically\\nsays that `usize` must implement `TryFrom` trait and therefore allows us to\\nconvert the indices to actual `usize` indices. Using `.unwrap()` also forces us\\nto bound the error that can occur when converting `T` into `usize`, that\'s how\\nwe get `>::Error: Debug` which loosely means\\n\\n> error during conversion of `T` into `usize` must implement `Debug`,\\n> i.e. can be printed in some way or other\\n\\n`T: Copy` is required by `.try_into()` which takes `T` by-value.\\n\\nAnd now we are left only with the first line of the definition.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nSkilled Rustaceans might notice that this implementation is rather flaky and can\\nbreak in multiple places at once. I\'ll get back to it\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nLet\'s split it in multiple parts:\\n\\n- `v: &\'a [Vec]` represents the 2D `Vec`, we are indexing, `Vec` implements\\n `Slice` trait and _clippy_ recommends using `&[T]` to `&Vec`, exact details\\n are unknown to me\\n- `idx: &Vector2D` represents the _indices_ which we use, we take them by\\n reference to avoid an unnecessary copy\\n- `-> &\'a U` means that we are returning a _reference_ to some value of type `U`.\\n Now the question is what does the `\'a` mean, we can also see it as a generic\\n type declared along `T` and `U`. And the answer is _relatively_ simple, `\'a`\\n represents a _lifetime_. We take the `v` by a reference and return a reference,\\n borrow checker validates all of the _borrows_ (or references), so we need to\\n specify that our returned value has _the same lifetime_ as the vector we have\\n taken by a reference, i.e. returned reference must live at least as long as the\\n `v`. This way we can \u201cbe sure\u201d that the returned reference is valid.\\n\\n##### Issues\\n\\nFirst issue that our implementation has is the fact that we cannot get a mutable\\nreference out of that function. This could be easily resolved by introducing new\\nfunction, e.g. `index_mut`. Which I have actually done while writing this part:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index_mut<\'a, T, U>(v: &\'a mut [Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a mut U\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::caution **\xab\u21af\xbb** Why can\'t we use one function?\\n\\nWhen we consider a `Vec`, we don\'t need to consider containers as `T`, Rust\\nimplements indexing as traits `Index` and `IndexMut` that do the dirty work\\nbehind syntactic sugar of `container[idx]`.\\n\\nHowever, implementing of traits is not allowed for _external_ types, i.e. types\\nthat you haven\'t defined yourself. This means that you can implement indexing\\nover containers that you have implemented yourself, but you cannot use your own\\ntypes for indexing \u201cbuilt-in\u201d types.\\n\\nAnother part of this rabbit hole is trait `SliceIndex` that is of a relevance\\nbecause of\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index for [T]\\nwhere\\n I: SliceIndex<[T]>\\n\\nimpl Index for Vec\\nwhere\\n I: SliceIndex<[T]>,\\n A: Allocator\\n\\nimpl Index for [T; N]\\nwhere\\n [T]: Index\\n```\\n\\nIn other words, if your type implements `SliceIndex` trait, it can be used\\nfor indexing. As of now, this trait has all of its required methods experimental\\nand is marked as `unsafe`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAnother problem is a requirement for indexing either `[Vec]` or `Vec>`.\\nThis requirement could be countered by removing inner type `Vec` and constraining\\nit by a trait `Index` (or `IndexMut` respectively) in a following way\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index<\'a, C, T>(v: &\'a [C], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a C::Output\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n C: Index\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\nGiven this, we can also give a more meaningful typename for indexing type, such\\nas `I`.\\n\\n#### Checking bounds\\n\\nNow we can get to the boundary checks, it is very similar, but a more\u2026 dirty.\\nFirst approach that came up was to convert the indices in `Vector2D` to `usize`,\\nbut when you add the indices up, e.g. when checking the neighbors, you can end\\nup with negative values which, unlike in C++, causes an error (instead of underflow\\nthat you can use to your advantage; you can easily guess how).\\n\\nSo how can we approach this then? Well\u2026 we will convert the bounds instead of\\nthe indices and that lead us to:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn in_range(v: &[Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> bool\\nwhere\\n usize: TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: PartialOrd + Copy,\\n{\\n idx.y >= 0.try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.y < v.len().try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.x >= 0.try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.x\\n < v[TryInto::::try_into(idx.y).unwrap()]\\n .len()\\n .try_into()\\n .unwrap()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nYou can tell that it\'s definitely a shitty code. Let\'s improve it now! We will\\nget back to the original idea, but do it better. We know that we cannot convert\\nnegative values into `usize`, **but** we also know that conversion like that\\nreturns a `Result` which we can use to our advantage.\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn in_range(v: &[Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> bool\\nwhere\\n T: Copy,\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n{\\n usize::try_from(idx.y)\\n .and_then(|y| usize::try_from(idx.x).map(|x| y < v.len() && x < v[y].len()))\\n .unwrap_or(false)\\n}\\n```\\n\\n`Result` is a type similar to `Either` in Haskell and it allows us to chain\\nmultiple operations on correct results or propagate the original error without\\ndoing anything. Let\'s dissect it one-by-one.\\n\\n`try_from` is a method implemented in `TryFrom` trait, that allows you to convert\\ntypes and either successfully convert them or fail (with a reasonable error). This\\nmethod returns `Result`.\\n\\nWe call `and_then` on that _result_, let\'s have a look at the type signature of\\n`and_then`, IMO it explains more than enough:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn and_then(self, op: F) -> Result\\nwhere\\n F: FnOnce(T) -> Result\\n```\\n\\nOK\u2026 So it takes the result and a function and returns another result with\\ndifferent value and different error. However we can see that the function, which\\nrepresents an operation on a result, takes just the value, i.e. it doesn\'t care\\nabout any previous error. To make it short:\\n\\n> `and_then` allows us to run an operation, which can fail, on the correct result\\n\\nWe parsed a `y` index and now we try to convert the `x` index with `try_from`\\nagain, but on that result we use `map` rather than `and_then`, why would that be?\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn map(self, op: F) -> Result\\nwhere\\n F: FnOnce(T) -> U\\n```\\n\\nHuh\u2026 `map` performs an operation that **cannot** fail. And finally we use\\n`unwrap_or` which takes the value from result, or in case of an error returns the\\ndefault that we define.\\n\\nHow does this work then? If `y` is negative, the conversion fails and the error\\npropagates all the way to `unwrap_or`, if `y` can be a correct `usize` value, then\\nwe do the same with `x`. If `x` is negative, we propagate the error as with `y`,\\nand if it\'s not, then we check whether it exceeds the higher bounds or not.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively simple, you just need follow the rules and not get too smart, otherwise\\nit will get back at you.\\n\\n## [Day 9: Rope Bridge](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/9)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nWe get a rope with knots and we want to track how many different positions are\\nvisited with the rope\'s tail.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nBy this day, I have come to a conclusion that current skeleton for each day\\ngenerates a lot of boilerplate. And even though it can be easily copied, it\'s\\njust a waste of space and unnecessary code. Let\'s \u201csimplify\u201d this (on one end\\nwhile creating monster on the other end). I\'ve gone through what we need in the\\npreparations for the AoC. Let\'s sum up our requirements:\\n\\n- parsing\\n- part 1 & 2\\n- running on sample / input\\n- tests\\n\\nParsing and implementation of both parts is code that changes each day and we\\ncannot do anything about it. However running and testing can be simplified!\\n\\nLet\'s introduce and export a new module `solution` that will take care of all of\\nthis. We will start by introducing a trait for each day.\\n\\n```rust\\npub trait Solution {\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input;\\n\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output;\\n fn part_2(input: &Input) -> Output;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis does a lot of work for us already, we have defined a trait and for each day\\nwe will create a structure representing a specific day. That structure will also\\nimplement the `Solution` trait.\\n\\nNow we need to get rid of the boilerplate, we can\'t get rid of the `main` function,\\nbut we can at least move out the functionality.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn run(type_of_input: &str) -> Result<()>\\nwhere\\n Self: Sized,\\n{\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = Self::parse_input(format!(\\"{}s/{}.txt\\", type_of_input, Self::day()));\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", Self::part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", Self::part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()>\\nwhere\\n Self: Sized,\\n{\\n Self::run(\\"input\\")\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis is all part of the `Solution` trait, which can implement methods while being\\ndependent on what is provided by the implementing types. In this case, we just\\nneed to bound the `Output` type to implement `Display` that is necessary for the\\n`info!` and format string there.\\n\\nNow we can get to first of the nasty things we are going to do\u2026 And it is the\\n`day()` method that you can see being used when constructing path to the input\\nfile. That method will generate a name of the file, e.g. `day01` and we know that\\nwe can _somehow_ deduce it from the structure name, given we name it reasonably.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn day() -> String {\\n let mut day = String::from(type_name::().split(\\"::\\").next().unwrap());\\n day.make_ascii_lowercase();\\n\\n day.to_string()\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::caution `type_name`\\n\\nThis feature is still experimental and considered to be internal, it is not\\nadvised to use it any production code.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAnd now we can get to the nastiest stuff :weary: We will **generate** the tests!\\n\\nWe want to be able to generate tests for sample input in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\ntest_sample!(day_01, Day01, 42, 69);\\n```\\n\\nThere\'s not much we can do, so we will write a macro to generate the tests for us.\\n\\n```rust\\n#[macro_export]\\nmacro_rules! test_sample {\\n ($mod_name:ident, $day_struct:tt, $part_1:expr, $part_2:expr) => {\\n #[cfg(test)]\\n mod $mod_name {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_1() {\\n let sample =\\n $day_struct::parse_input(&format!(\\"samples/{}.txt\\", $day_struct::day()));\\n assert_eq!($day_struct::part_1(&sample), $part_1);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_2() {\\n let sample =\\n $day_struct::parse_input(&format!(\\"samples/{}.txt\\", $day_struct::day()));\\n assert_eq!($day_struct::part_2(&sample), $part_2);\\n }\\n }\\n };\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe have used it in a similar way as macros in C/C++, one of the things that we\\ncan use to our advantage is defining \u201ctype\u201d of the parameters for the macro. All\\nparameters have their name prefixed with `$` sign and you can define various \u201cforms\u201d\\nof your macro. Let\'s go through it!\\n\\nWe have following parameters:\\n\\n- `$mod_name` which represents the name for the module with tests, it is typed\\n with `ident` which means that we want a valid identifier to be passed in.\\n- `$day_struct` represents the structure that will be used for tests, it is typed\\n with `tt` which represents a _token tree_, in our case it is a type.\\n- `$part_X` represents the expected output for the `X`th part and is of type `expr`\\n which literally means an _expression_.\\n\\nApart from that we need to use `#[macro_export]` to mark the macro as exported\\nfor usage outside of the module. Now our skeleton looks like:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2022::*;\\n\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = String;\\n\\nstruct DayXX;\\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input {\\n file_to_string(pathname)\\n }\\n\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n // DayXX::run(\\"sample\\")\\n DayXX::main()\\n}\\n\\n// test_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, , );\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nNot much to talk about, it is relatively easy to simulate.\\n\\n## [Day 10: Cathode-Ray Tube](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/10)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nEmulating basic arithmetic operations on a CPU and drawing on CRT based on the\\nCPU\'s accumulator.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIn this day I have discovered an issue with my design of the `Solution` trait.\\nAnd the issue is caused by different types of `Output` for the part 1 and part 2.\\n\\nProblem is relatively simple and consists of simulating a CPU, I have approached\\nit in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn evaluate_instructions(instructions: &[Instruction], mut out: Output) -> Output {\\n instructions\\n .iter()\\n .fold(State::new(), |state, instruction| {\\n state.execute(instruction, &mut out)\\n });\\n\\n out\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe just take the instructions, we have some state of the CPU and we execute the\\ninstructions one-by-one. Perfect usage of the `fold` (or `reduce` as you may know\\nit from other languages).\\n\\nYou can also see that we have an `Output` type, so the question is how can we fix\\nthat problem. And the answer is very simple and _functional_. Rust allows you to\\nhave an `enumeration` that can _bear_ some other values apart from the type itself.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nWe could\'ve seen something like this with the `Result` type that can be\\ndefined as\\n\\n```rust\\nenum Result {\\n Ok(T),\\n Err(E)\\n}\\n```\\n\\n###### What does that mean though?\\n\\nWhen we have an `Ok` value, it has the result itself, and when we get an `Err`\\nvalue, it has the error. This also allows us to handle _results_ in a rather\\npretty way:\\n\\n```rust\\nmatch do_something(x) {\\n Ok(y) => {\\n println!(\\"SUCCESS: {}\\", y);\\n },\\n Err(y) => {\\n eprintln!(\\"ERROR: {}\\", y);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nMy solution has a following outline:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn execute(&self, i: &Instruction, output: &mut Output) -> State {\\n // execute the instruction\\n\\n // collect results if necessary\\n match output {\\n Output::Part1(x) => self.execute_part_1(y, x),\\n Output::Part2(x) => self.execute_part_2(y, x),\\n }\\n\\n // return the obtained state\\n new_state\\n}\\n```\\n\\nYou might think that it\'s a perfectly reasonable thing to do. Yes, **but** notice\\nthat the `match` statement doesn\'t _collect_ the changes in any way and also we\\npass `output` by `&mut`, so it is shared across each _iteration_ of the `fold`.\\n\\nThe dirty and ingenious thing is that `x`s are passed by `&mut` too and therefore\\nthey are directly modified by the helper functions. To sum it up and let it sit\\n\\n> We are **collecting** the result **into** an **enumeration** that is **shared**\\n> across **all** iterations of `fold`.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nSimilar to _Day 9_, but there are some technical details that can get you.\\n\\n## [Day 11: Monkey in the Middle](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/11)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulation of monkeys throwing stuff around and measuring your stress levels\\nwhile your stuff is being passed around.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI think I decided to use regular expressions here for the first time, cause\\nparsing the input was a pain.\\n\\nAlso I didn\'t expect to implement Euclidean algorithm in Rust\u2026\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nAgain, we\'re just running a simulation. Though I must admit it was very easy to\\nmake a small technical mistakes that could affect the final results very late.\\n\\n## [Day 12: Hill Climbing Algorithm](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/12)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding shortest path up the hill and also shortest path down to the ground while\\nalso rolling down the hill\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAs I have said in the _tl;dr_, we are looking for the shortest path, but the start\\nand goal differ for the part 1 and 2. So I have decided to refactor my solution\\nto a BFS algorithm that takes necessary parameters via functions:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn bfs(\\n graph: &[Vec], start: &Position, has_edge: F, is_target: G\\n) -> Option\\nwhere\\n F: Fn(&[Vec], &Position, &Position) -> bool,\\n G: Fn(&[Vec], &Position) -> bool\\n```\\n\\nWe pass the initial vertex from the caller and everything else is left to the BFS\\nalgorithm, based on the `has_edge` and `is_target` functions.\\n\\nThis was easy! And that is not very usual in Rust once you want to pass around\\nfunctions. :eyes:\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nLooking for the shortest path\u2026 Must be Dijkstra, right? **Nope!** Half of the\\nReddit got jebaited though. In all fairness, nothing stops you from implementing\\nthe Dijkstra\'s algorithm for finding the shortest path, **but** if you know that\\nall connected vertices are in a unit (actually $d = 1$) distance from each other,\\nthen you know that running Dijkstra is equivalent to running BFS, only with worse\\ntime complexity, because of the priority heap instead of the queue.\\n\\n## [Day 13: Distress Signal](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/13)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nProcessing packets with structured data from the distress signal.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nYou can implement a lot of traits if you want to. It is _imperative_ to implement\\nordering on the packets. I had a typo, so I also proceeded to implement a `Display`\\ntrait for debugging purposes:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Display for Packet {\\n fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<\'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\\n match self {\\n Packet::Integer(x) => write!(f, \\"{x}\\"),\\n Packet::List(lst) => write!(f, \\"[{}]\\", lst.iter().map(|p| format!(\\"{p}\\")).join(\\",\\")),\\n }\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nA lot of technical details\u2026 Parsing is nasty too\u2026\\n\\n## [Day 14: Regolith Reservoir](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/14)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s simulate falling sand grain-by-grain.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAgain, both parts are relatively similar with minimal changes, so it is a good\\nidea to refactor it a bit. Similar approach to the [BFS above]. Also this is the\\nfirst day where I ran into efficiency issues and had to redo my solution to speed\\nit up just a bit.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nTedious.\\n\\n## Post Mortem\\n\\n### Indexing\\n\\nI was asked about the indexing after publishing the blog. And truly it is rather\\ncomplicated topic, especially after releasing `SliceIndex` trait. I couldn\'t\\nleave it be, so I tried to implement the `Index` and `IndexMut` trait.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nI have also mentioned that the `SliceIndex` trait is `unsafe`, but truth be told,\\nonly _unsafe_ part are the 2 methods that are named `*unchecked*`. Anyways, I will\\nbe implementing the `Index*` traits for now, rather than the `SliceIndex`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIt\'s relatively straightforward\u2026\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index> for [C]\\nwhere\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: Index,\\n{\\n type Output = C::Output;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Vector2D) -> &Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &self[y][x]\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl IndexMut> for [C]\\nwhere\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: IndexMut,\\n{\\n fn index_mut(&mut self, index: Vector2D) -> &mut Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut self[y][x]\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe can see a lot of similarities to the implementation of `index` and `index_mut`\\nfunctions. In the end, they are 1:1, just wrapped in the trait that provides a\\nsyntax sugar for `container[idx]`.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nI have also switched from using the `TryFrom` to `TryInto` trait, since it better\\nmatches what we are using, the `.try_into` rather than `usize::try_from`.\\n\\nAlso implementing `TryFrom` automatically provides you with a `TryInto` trait,\\nsince it is relatively easy to implement. Just compare the following:\\n\\n```rust\\npub trait TryFrom: Sized {\\n type Error;\\n\\n fn try_from(value: T) -> Result;\\n}\\n\\npub trait TryInto: Sized {\\n type Error;\\n\\n fn try_into(self) -> Result;\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOK, so we have our trait implemented, we should be able to use `container[index]`,\\nright? Yes\u2026 but actually no :frowning:\\n\\n```\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:26:18\\n |\\n26 | if trees[pos] > tallest {\\n | ^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:30:28\\n |\\n30 | max(tallest, trees[pos])\\n | ^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:52:28\\n |\\n52 | let max_height = trees[position];\\n | ^^^^^^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n```\\n\\nWhy? We have it implemented for the slices (`[C]`), why doesn\'t it work? Well,\\nthe fun part consists of the fact that in other place, where we were using it,\\nwe were passing the `&[Vec]`, but this is coming from a helper functions that\\ntake `&Vec>` instead. And\u2026 we don\'t implement `Index` and `IndexMut` for\\nthose. Just for the slices. \ud83e\udd2f _What are we going to do about it?_\\n\\nWe can either start copy-pasting or be smarter about it\u2026 I choose to be smarter,\\nso let\'s implement a macro! The only difference across the implementations are\\nthe types of the outer containers. Implementation doesn\'t differ **at all**!\\n\\nImplementing the macro can be done in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\nmacro_rules! generate_indices {\\n ($container:ty) => {\\n impl Index> for $container\\n where\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: Index,\\n {\\n type Output = C::Output;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Vector2D) -> &Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &self[y][x]\\n }\\n }\\n\\n impl IndexMut> for $container\\n where\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: IndexMut,\\n {\\n fn index_mut(&mut self, index: Vector2D) -> &mut Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut self[y][x]\\n }\\n }\\n };\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAnd now we can simply do\\n\\n```rust\\ngenerate_indices!(VecDeque);\\ngenerate_indices!([C]);\\ngenerate_indices!(Vec);\\n// generate_indices!([C; N], const N: usize);\\n```\\n\\nThe last type (I took the inspiration from the implementations of the `Index` and\\n`IndexMut` traits) is a bit problematic, because of the `const N: usize` part,\\nwhich I haven\'t managed to be able to parse. And that\'s how I got rid of the error.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIf I were to use 2D-indexing over `[C; N]` slices, I\'d probably just go with the\\ncopy-paste, cause the cost of this \u201cmonstrosity\u201d outweighs the benefits of no DRY.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n#### Cause of the problem\\n\\nThis issue is relatively funny. If you don\'t use any type aliases, just the raw\\ntypes, you\'ll get suggested certain changes by the _clippy_. For example if you\\nconsider the following piece of code\\n\\n```rust\\nfn get_sum(nums: &Vec) -> i32 {\\n nums.iter().sum()\\n}\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let nums = vec![1, 2, 3];\\n println!(\\"Sum: {}\\", get_sum(&nums));\\n}\\n```\\n\\nand you run _clippy_ on it, you will get\\n\\n```\\nChecking playground v0.0.1 (/playground)\\nwarning: writing `&Vec` instead of `&[_]` involves a new object where a slice will do\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:1:18\\n |\\n1 | fn get_sum(nums: &Vec) -> i32 {\\n | ^^^^^^^^^ help: change this to: `&[i32]`\\n |\\n = help: for further information visit https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#ptr_arg\\n = note: `#[warn(clippy::ptr_arg)]` on by default\\n\\nwarning: `playground` (bin \\"playground\\") generated 1 warning\\n Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.61s\\n```\\n\\nHowever, if you introduce a type alias, such as\\n\\n```rust\\ntype Numbers = Vec;\\n```\\n\\nThen _clippy_ won\'t say anything, cause there is literally nothing to suggest.\\nHowever the outcome is not the same\u2026\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[bfs above]: #day-12-hill-climbing-algorithm"},{"id":"aoc-2022/1st-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/01-week-1.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/01-week-1.md","title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving first week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-15T01:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 15, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":12.4,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving first week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-15T01:15","slug":"aoc-2022/1st-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/intro"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the first week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIf you wish to have a look at the solutions, you can follow them on my [GitLab].\\nMore specifically in the [`/src/bin/`].\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI will try to summarize my experience with using Rust for the AoC. Trying it out\\nages ago, I believe it will be _pain and suffering_, but we will see. For each\\nday I will also try to give a tl;dr of the problem, so that you can better imagine\\nthe relation to my woes or :+1: moments.\\n\\n## [Day 1: Calorie Counting](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/1)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nAs the name suggests, we get the calories of the food contained in the elves\\nbackpacks and we want to choose the elf that has the most food ;)\\n\\n:::\\n\\n> Wakey wakey!\\n\\nProgramming in Rust at 6am definitely hits. I\'ve also forgotten to mention how I\\nhandle samples. With each puzzle you usually get a sample input and expected\\noutput. You can use them to verify that your solution works, or usually doesn\'t.\\n\\nAt first I\'ve decided to put asserts into my `main`, something like\\n\\n```rust\\nassert_eq!(part_1(&sample), 24000);\\ninfo!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n\\nassert_eq!(part_2(&sample), 45000);\\ninfo!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n```\\n\\nHowever, once you get further, the sample input may take some time to run itself.\\nSo in the end, I have decided to turn them into unit tests:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[cfg(test)]\\nmod tests {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_1() {\\n let sample = parse_input(\\"samples/day01.txt\\");\\n assert_eq!(part_1(&sample), 24000);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_2() {\\n let sample = parse_input(\\"samples/day01.txt\\");\\n assert_eq!(part_2(&sample), 45000);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAnd later on I have noticed, it\'s hard to tell the difference between the days,\\nso I further renamed the `mod` from generic `tests` to reflect the days.\\n\\nAlso after finishing the first day puzzle, I have installed an [`sccache`] to\\ncache the builds, so that the build time is lower, cause it was kinda unbearable.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nWell, it\'s a pretty simple problem. You just take the input, sum the calories and\\nfind the biggest one. However, if we try to generalize to more than the biggest\\none, the fun appears. We have few options:\\n\\n- keep all the calories, sort them, take what we need\\n- keep all the calories and use max heap\\n- use min heap and maintain at most N calories that we need\\n\\n## [Day 2: Rock Paper Scissors](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/2)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nYou want to know what score did you achieve while playing _Rock Paper Scissors_.\\nAnd then you want to be strategic about it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nApart from the technical details of the puzzle, it went relatively smooth.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI took relatively na\xefve approach and then tried to simplify it.\\n\\n## [Day 3: Rucksack Reorganization](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/3)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s go reorganize elves\' backpacks! Each backpacks has 2 compartments and you\\nwant to find the common item among those compartments. Each of them has priority,\\nyou care only about the sum.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThis is the day where I started to fight the compiler and neither of us decided\\nto give up. Let\'s dive into it \\\\o/\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nFighting the compiler took me 30 minutes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nWe need to find a common item among 2 collections, that\'s an easy task, right?\\nWe can construct 2 sets and find an intersection:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3].iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5].iter().collect();\\n```\\n\\nNow, the first issue that we encounter is caused by the fact that we are using\\na slice (the `[\u2026]`), iterator of that returns **references** to the numbers.\\nAnd we get immediately yelled at by the compiler, because the numbers are discarded\\nafter running the `.collect`. To fix this, we can use `.into_iter`:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5].into_iter().collect();\\n```\\n\\nThis way the numbers will get copied instead of referenced. OK, let\'s find the\\nintersection of those 2 collections:\\n\\n```rust\\nprintln!(\\"Common elements: {:?}\\", top.intersection(&bottom));\\n```\\n\\n```\\nCommon elements: [3]\\n```\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nNotice that we need to do `&bottom`. It explicitly specifies that `.intersection`\\n**borrows** the `bottom`, i.e. takes an immutable reference to it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThat\'s what we want, right? Looks like it! \\\\o/\\n\\nNext part wants us to find the common element among all of the backpacks. OK, so\\nthat should be fairly easy, we have an intersection and we want to find intersection\\nover all of them.\\n\\nLet\'s have a look at the type of the `.intersection`\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn intersection<\'a>(\\n\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0&\'a self,\\n\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0other: &\'a HashSet\\n) -> Intersection<\'a, T, S>\\n```\\n\\nOK\u2026 Huh\u2026 But we have an example there!\\n\\n```rust\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = a.intersection(&b).collect();\\n```\\n\\nCool, that\'s all we need.\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\n```\\nIntersection: {3, 4}\\n```\\n\\nCool, so let\'s do the intersection with the `top_2`:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\nAnd we get yelled at by the compiler:\\n\\n```\\nerror[E0308]: mismatched types\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:10:58\\n |\\n10 | let intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).collect();\\n | ------------ ^^^^^^ expected `&i32`, found `i32`\\n | |\\n | arguments to this function are incorrect\\n |\\n = note: expected reference `&HashSet<&i32>`\\n found reference `&HashSet`\\n```\\n\\n/o\\\\ What the hell is going on here? Well, the funny thing is, that this operation\\ndoesn\'t return the elements themselves, but the references to them and when we pass\\nthe third set, it has just the values themselves, without any references.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nIt may seem as a very weird decision, but in fact it makes some sense\u2026 It allows\\nyou to do intersection of items that may not be possible to copy. Overall this is\\na \u201ctax\u201d for having a borrow checker ~~drilling your ass~~ having your back and\\nmaking sure you\'re not doing something naughty that may cause an **undefined**\\n**behavior**.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nTo resolve this we need to get an iterator that **clones** the elements:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).cloned().collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).cloned().collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&bottom_2).cloned().collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\n```\\nIntersection: {4}\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThe approach is pretty simple, if you omit the _1on1 with the compiler_. You just\\nhave some fun with the set operations :)\\n\\n## [Day 4: Camp Cleanup](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/4)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nElves are cleaning up the camp and they got overlapping sections to clean up.\\nFind how many overlap and can take the day off.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n[`RangeInclusive`] is your friend not an enemy :)\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively easy, you just need to parse the input and know what you want. Rust\'s\\n`RangeInclusive` type helped a lot, cause it took care of all abstractions.\\n\\n## [Day 5: Supply Stacks](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/5)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s play with stacks of crates.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nVery easy problem with very annoying input. You can judge yourself:\\n\\n```\\n [D]\\n[N] [C]\\n[Z] [M] [P]\\n 1 2 3\\n\\nmove 1 from 2 to 1\\nmove 3 from 1 to 3\\nmove 2 from 2 to 1\\nmove 1 from 1 to 2\\n```\\n\\nGood luck transforming that into something reasonable :)\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nTook me 40 minutes to parse this reasonably, including fighting the compiler.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nFor the initial solution I went with a manual solution (as in _I have done all_\\n_the work_. Later on I have decided to explore the `std` and interface of the\\n`std::vec::Vec` and found [`split_off`] which takes an index and splits (duh)\\nthe vector:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];\\nlet vec2 = vec.split_off(1);\\nassert_eq!(vec, [1]);\\nassert_eq!(vec2, [2, 3]);\\n```\\n\\nThis helped me simplify my solution a lot and also get rid of some _edge cases_.\\n\\n## [Day 6: Tuning Trouble](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/6)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding start of the message in a very weird protocol. Start of the message is\\ndenoted by $N$ unique consecutive characters.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nA lot of different approaches, knowing that we are dealing with input consisting\\nsolely of ASCII letters, I bit the bullet and went with sliding window and\\nconstructing sets from that window, checking if the set is as big as the window.\\n\\nOne possible optimization could consist of keeping a bit-vector (i.e. `usize`\\nvariable) of encountered characters and updating it as we go. However this has\\na different issue and that is removal of the characters from the left side of the\\nwindow. We don\'t know if the same character is not included later on.\\n\\nOther option is to do similar thing, but keeping the frequencies of the letters,\\nand again knowing we have only ASCII letters we can optimize by having a vector\\nof 26 elements that keeps count for each lowercase letter.\\n\\n## [Day 7: No Space Left On Device](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/7)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s simulate [`du`] to get some stats about our file system and then pinpoint\\ndirectories that take a lot of space and should be deleted.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n> I was waiting for this moment, and yet it got me!\\n> _imagine me swearing for hours_\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nWe need to \u201c_build_\u201d a file system from the input that is given in a following form:\\n\\n```\\n$ cd /\\n$ ls\\ndir a\\n14848514 b.txt\\n8504156 c.dat\\ndir d\\n$ cd a\\n$ ls\\ndir e\\n29116 f\\n2557 g\\n62596 h.lst\\n$ cd e\\n$ ls\\n584 i\\n$ cd ..\\n$ cd ..\\n$ cd d\\n$ ls\\n4060174 j\\n8033020 d.log\\n5626152 d.ext\\n7214296 k\\n```\\n\\nThere are few ways in which you can achieve this and also you can assume some\\npreconditions, but why would we do that, right? :)\\n\\nYou can \u201cslap\u201d this in either [`HashMap`] or [`BTreeMap`] and call it a day.\\nAnd that would be boring\u2026\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\n`BTreeMap` is quite fitting for this, don\'t you think?\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI always wanted to try allocation on heap in Rust, so I chose to implement a tree.\\nI fought with the `Box` for some time and was losing\u2026\\n\\nThen I looked up some implementations of trees or linked lists and decided to try\\n`Rc>`. And I got my _ass whopped_ by the compiler once again. /o\\\\\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\n`Box` represents a dynamically allocated memory on heap. It is a single pointer,\\nyou can imagine this as `std::unique_ptr` in C++.\\n\\n`Rc` represents a dynamically allocated memory on heap. On top of that it is\\n_reference counted_ (that\'s what the `Rc` stands for). You can imagine this as\\n`std::shared_ptr` in C++.\\n\\nNow the fun stuff. Neither of them lets you **mutate** the contents of the memory.\\n\\n`Cell` allows you to mutate the memory. Can be used reasonably with types that\\ncan be copied, because the memory safety is guaranteed by copying the contents\\nwhen there is more than one **mutable** reference to the memory.\\n\\n`RefCell` is similar to the `Cell`, but the borrowing rules (how many mutable\\nreferences are present) are checked dynamically.\\n\\nSo in the end, if you want something like `std::shared_ptr` in Rust, you want\\nto have `Rc>`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nSo, how are we going to represent the file system then? We will use an enumeration,\\nhehe, which is an algebraic data type that can store some stuff in itself :weary:\\n\\n```rust\\ntype FileHandle = Rc>;\\n\\n#[derive(Debug)]\\nenum AocFile {\\n File(usize),\\n Directory(BTreeMap),\\n}\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s go over it! `FileHandle` represents dynamically allocated `AocFile`, not\\nmuch to discuss. What does the `#[derive(Debug)]` do though? It lets us to print\\nout the value of that enumeration, it\'s derived, so it\'s not as good as if we had\\nimplemented it ourselves, but it\'s good enough for debugging, hence the name.\\n\\nNow to the fun part! `AocFile` value can be represented in two ways:\\n\\n- `File(usize)`, e.g. `AocFile::File(123)` and we can pattern match it, if we\\n need to\\n- `Directory(BTreeMap)` will represent the directory and will\\n contain map matching the name of the files (or directories) within to their\\n respective file handles\\n\\nI will omit the details about constructing this file system, cause there are a lot\\nof technicalities introduced by the nature of the input. However if you are\\ninterested, you can have a look at my solution.\\n\\nWe need to find small enough directories and also find the smallest directory that\\nwill free enough space. Now the question is, how could we do that. And there are\\nmultiple ways I will describe.\\n\\nI have chosen to implement [_tree catamorphism_] :weary:. It is basically a fold\\nover a tree data structure. We descent down into the leaves and propagate computed\\nresults all the way to the root. You can also notice that this approach is very\\nsimilar to _dynamic programming_, we find overlapping sections of the computation\\nand try to minimize the additional work (in this case: we need to know sizes of\\nour descendants, but we have already been there).\\n\\nAnother approach that has been suggested to me few days later is running DFS on\\nthe graph. And, funnily enough, we would still need to combine what we found in\\nthe branches where we descent. So in the end, it would work very similarly to my\\nsolution.\\n\\nOne of the more exotic options would be precomputing the required information at\\nthe same time as parsing. That could be done by adding additional fields to the\\nnodes which would allow storing such information and updating it as we construct\\nthe file system.\\n\\n## Post Mortem\\n\\nThings that have been brought up in the discussion later on.\\n\\n### `Rc` vs `Rc>`\\n\\nIt has been brought up that I have a contradicting statement regarding the\\ndynamically allocated memory. Specifically:\\n\\n- You can imagine `Rc` as an `std::shared_ptr` (in C++)\\n- When you want an equivalent of `std::shared_ptr`, you want to use\\n `Rc>`\\n\\nNow, in Rust it is a bit more complicated, because the type that represents the\\n\u201cshared pointer\u201d is `Rc`. What `RefCell` does is making sure that there is\\nonly one \u201cowner\u201d of a mutable reference at a time (and dynamically, as opposed\\nto the `Cell`).\\n\\nTherefore to be precise and correct about the equivalents of `std::shared_ptr`\\nin Rust, we can say that\\n\\n- `Rc` is an equivalent of a `const std::shared_ptr`,\\n- and `Rc>` is an equivalent of a `std::shared_ptr`.\\n\\nYou can easily see that they only differ in the mutability. (And even that is not\\nas simple as it seems, because there is also `Cell`)\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[gitlab]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\n[`/src/bin/`]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022/-/tree/main/src/bin\\n[`sccache`]: https://github.com/mozilla/sccache\\n[`rangeinclusive`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeInclusive.html\\n[`split_off`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.split_off\\n[`du`]: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/du.1.html\\n[`hashmap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html\\n[`btreemap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html\\n[_tree catamorphism_]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamorphism#Tree_fold"},{"id":"aoc-2022/intro","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/intro","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/00-intro.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/00-intro.md","title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Preparing for Advent of Code \'22.","date":"2022-12-14T21:45:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 14, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":8.665,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Preparing for Advent of Code \'22.","date":"2022-12-14T21:45","slug":"aoc-2022/intro","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week"}},"content":"Let\'s talk about the preparations for this year\'s [_Advent of Code_].\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## Choosing a language\\n\\nWhen choosing a language for AoC, you usually want a language that gives you a\\nquick feedback which allows you to iterate quickly to the solution of the puzzle.\\nOne of the most common choices is Python, many people also use JavaScript or Ruby.\\n\\nGiven the competitive nature of the AoC and popularity among competitive programming,\\nC++ might be also a very good choice. Only if you are familiar with it, I guess\u2026\\n\\nIf you want a challenge, you might also choose to rotate the languages each day.\\nThough I prefer to use only one language.\\n\\nFor this year I have been deciding between _Rust_, _C++_ and _Pascal_ or _Ada_.\\n\\nI have tried Rust last year and have survived with it for 3 days and then gave\\nup and switched to _Kotlin_, which was pretty good given it is \u201cJava undercover\u201d.\\nI pretty much like the ideas behind Rust, I am not sure about the whole cult and\\nimplementation of those ideas though. After some years with C/C++, I would say\\nthat Rust feels _too safe_ for my taste and tries to \u201c_punish me_\u201d even for the\\nmost trivial things.\\n\\nC++ is a very robust, but also comes with a wide variety of options providing you\\nthe ability to shoot yourself in the leg. I have tried to solve few days of previous\\nAdvent of Code events, it was _relatively easy_ to solve the problems in C++, given\\nthat I do not admit writing my own iterator for `enumerate`\u2026\\n\\nPascal or Ada were meme choices :) Ada is heavily inspired by Pascal and has a\\npretty nice standard library that offers enough to be able to quickly solve some\\nproblems in it. However the toolkit is questionable :/\\n\\n## Choosing libraries\\n\\n## Preparations for Rust\\n\\nAll of the sources, later on including solutions, can be found at my\\n[GitLab].\\n\\n### Toolkit\\n\\nSince we are using Rust, we are going to use a [Cargo] and more than likely VSCode\\nwith [`rust-analyzer`]. Because of my choice of libraries, we will also introduce\\na `.envrc` file that can be used by [`direnv`], which allows you to set specific\\nenvironment variables when you enter a directory. In our case, we will use\\n\\n```bash\\n# to show nice backtrace when using the color-eyre\\nexport RUST_BACKTRACE=1\\n\\n# to catch logs generated by tracing\\nexport RUST_LOG=trace\\n```\\n\\nAnd for the one of the most obnoxious things ever, we will use a script to download\\nthe inputs instead of \u201c_clicking, opening and copying to a file_\u201d[^1]. There is\\nno need to be _fancy_, so we will adjust Python script by Martin[^2].\\n\\n```py\\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\\n\\nimport datetime\\nimport yaml\\nimport requests\\nimport sys\\n\\n\\ndef load_config():\\n with open(\\"env.yaml\\", \\"r\\") as f:\\n js = yaml.load(f, Loader=yaml.Loader)\\n return js[\\"session\\"], js[\\"year\\"]\\n\\n\\ndef get_input(session, year, day):\\n return requests.get(\\n f\\"https://adventofcode.com/{year}/day/{day}/input\\",\\n cookies={\\"session\\": session},\\n headers={\\n \\"User-Agent\\": \\"{repo} by {mail}\\".format(\\n repo=\\"gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\",\\n mail=\\"me@mfocko.xyz\\",\\n )\\n },\\n ).content.decode(\\"utf-8\\")\\n\\n\\ndef main():\\n day = datetime.datetime.now().day\\n if len(sys.argv) == 2:\\n day = sys.argv[1]\\n\\n session, year = load_config()\\n problem_input = get_input(session, year, day)\\n\\n with open(f\\"./inputs/day{day:>02}.txt\\", \\"w\\") as f:\\n f.write(problem_input)\\n\\n\\nif __name__ == \\"__main__\\":\\n main()\\n```\\n\\nIf the script is called without any arguments, it will deduce the day from the\\nsystem, so we do not need to change the day every morning. It also requires a\\nconfiguration file:\\n\\n```yaml\\n# env.yaml\\nsession: \u2039your session cookie\u203a\\nyear: 2022\\n```\\n\\n### Libraries\\n\\nLooking at the list of the libraries, I have chosen \u201ca lot\u201d of them. Let\'s walk\\nthrough each of them.\\n\\n[`tracing`] and [`tracing-subscriber`] are the crates that can be used for tracing\\nand logging of your Rust programs, there are also other crates that can help you\\nwith providing backtrace to the Sentry in case you have deployed your application\\nsomewhere and you want to watch over it. In our use case we will just utilize the\\nmacros for debugging in the terminal.\\n\\n[`thiserror`], [`anyhow`] and [`color-eyre`] are used for error reporting.\\n`thiserror` is a very good choice for libraries, cause it extends the `Error`\\nfrom the `std` and allows you to create more convenient error types. Next is\\n`anyhow` which kinda builds on top of the `thiserror` and provides you with simpler\\nerror handling in binaries[^3]. And finally we have `color-eyre` which, as I found\\nout later, is a colorful (_wink wink_) extension of `eyre` which is fork of `anyhow`\\nwhile supporting customized reports.\\n\\nIn the end I have decided to remove `thiserror` and `anyhow`, since first one is\\nsuitable for libraries and the latter was basically fully replaced by `{color-,}eyre`.\\n\\n[`regex`] and [`lazy_static`] are a very good and also, I hope, self-explanatory\\ncombination. `lazy_static` allows you to have static variables that must be initialized\\nduring runtime.\\n\\n[`itertools`] provides some nice extensions to the iterators from the `std`.\\n\\n### My own \u201clibrary\u201d\\n\\nWhen creating the crate for this year\'s Advent of Code, I have chosen a library\\ntype. Even though standard library is huge, some things might not be included and\\nalso we can follow _KISS_. I have 2 modules that my \u201clibrary\u201d exports, one for\\nparsing and one for 2D vector (that gets used quite often during Advent of Code).\\n\\nKey part is, of course, processing the input and my library exports following\\nfunctions that get used a lot:\\n\\n```rust\\n/// Reads file to the string.\\npub fn file_to_string>(pathname: P) -> String;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns it as a vector of characters.\\npub fn file_to_chars>(pathname: P) -> Vec;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns a vector of parsed structures. Expects each structure\\n/// on its own line in the file. And `T` needs to implement `FromStr` trait.\\npub fn file_to_structs, T: FromStr>(pathname: P) -> Vec\\nwhere\\n ::Err: Debug;\\n\\n/// Converts iterator over strings to a vector of parsed structures. `T` needs\\n/// to implement `FromStr` trait and its error must derive `Debug` trait.\\npub fn strings_to_structs(\\n iter: impl Iterator\\n) -> Vec\\nwhere\\n ::Err: std::fmt::Debug,\\n U: Deref;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns it as a vector of its lines.\\npub fn file_to_lines>(pathname: P) -> Vec;\\n```\\n\\nAs for the vector, I went with a rather simple implementation that allows only\\naddition of the vectors for now and accessing the elements via functions `x()`\\nand `y()`. Also the vector is generic, so we can use it with any numeric type we\\nneed.\\n\\n### Skeleton\\n\\nWe can also prepare a template to quickly bootstrap each of the days. We know\\nthat each puzzle has 2 parts, which means that we can start with 2 functions that\\nwill solve them.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn part1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nBoth functions take reference to the input and return some output (in majority\\nof puzzles, it is the same type). `todo!()` can be used as a nice placeholder,\\nit also causes a panic when reached and we could also provide some string with\\nan explanation, e.g. `todo!(\\"part 1\\")`. We have not given functions a specific\\ntype and to avoid as much copy-paste as possible, we will introduce type aliases.\\n\\n```rust\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = i32;\\n```\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nThis allows us to quickly adjust the types only in one place without the need to\\ndo _regex-replace_ or replace them manually.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nFor each day we get a personalized input that is provided as a text file. Almost\\nall the time, we would like to get some structured type out of that input, and\\ntherefore it makes sense to introduce a new function that will provide the parsing\\nof the input.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn parse_input(path: &str) -> Input {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis \u201cparser\u201d will take a path to the file, just in case we would like to run the\\nsample instead of input.\\n\\nOK, so now we can write a `main` function that will take all of the pieces and\\nrun them.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn main() {\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n println!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n println!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis would definitely do :) But we have installed a few libraries and we want to\\nuse them. In this part we are going to utilize _[`tracing`]_ (for tracing, duh\u2026)\\nand _[`color-eyre`]_ (for better error reporting, e.g. from parsing).\\n\\n```rust\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThe first statement will set up tracing and configure it to print out the logs to\\nterminal, based on the environment variable. We also change the formatting a bit,\\nsince we do not need all the _fancy_ features of the logger. Pure initialization\\nwould get us logs like this:\\n\\n```\\n2022-12-11T19:53:19.975343Z INFO day01: Part 1: 0\\n```\\n\\nHowever after running that command, we will get the following:\\n\\n```\\n INFO src/bin/day01.rs:35: Part 1: 0\\n```\\n\\nAnd the `color_eyre::install()?` is quite straightforward. We just initialize the\\nerror reporting by _color eyre_.\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nNotice that we had to add `Ok(())` to the end of the function and adjust the\\nreturn type of the `main` to `Result<()>`. It is caused by the _color eyre_ that\\ncan be installed only once and therefore it can fail, that is how we got the `?`\\nat the end of the `::install` which _unwraps_ the **\xbbresult\xab** of the installation.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOverall we will get to a template like this:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2022::*;\\n\\nuse color_eyre::eyre::Result;\\nuse tracing::info;\\nuse tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;\\n\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = i32;\\n\\nfn parse_input(path: &str) -> Input {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n```\\n\\n[^1]:\\n Copy-pasting might be a relaxing thing to do, but you can also discover\\n nasty stuff about your PC. See [this Reddit post and the comment].\\n\\n[^2]: [GitHub profile](https://github.com/martinjonas)\\n[^3]:\\n Even though you can use it even for libraries, but handling errors from\\n libraries using `anyhow` is nasty\u2026 You will be the stinky one ;)\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[gitlab]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\n[cargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/\\n[`rust-analyzer`]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/\\n[`direnv`]: https://direnv.net/\\n[`tracing`]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing\\n[`tracing-subscriber`]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing-subscriber\\n[`thiserror`]: https://crates.io/crates/thiserror\\n[`anyhow`]: https://crates.io/crates/anyhow\\n[`color-eyre`]: https://crates.io/crates/color-eyre\\n[`regex`]: https://crates.io/crates/regex\\n[`lazy_static`]: https://crates.io/crates/lazy_static\\n[`itertools`]: https://crates.io/crates/itertools\\n[this reddit post and the comment]: https://www.reddit.com/r/adventofcode/comments/zb98pn/comment/iyq0ono"}]}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/4200b1a9.d9f16397.js b/assets/js/4200b1a9.d9f16397.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c56f9ac --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/4200b1a9.d9f16397.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[866],{24612:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"blogPosts":[{"id":"/2024/02/07/lts-distros","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md","source":"@site/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md","title":"LTS distributions","description":"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\\n","date":"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"February 7, 2024","tags":[{"label":"lts","permalink":"/blog/tags/lts"},{"label":"linux distributions","permalink":"/blog/tags/linux-distributions"},{"label":"support","permalink":"/blog/tags/support"},{"label":"paywall","permalink":"/blog/tags/paywall"}],"readingTime":14.515,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"LTS distributions","description":"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\\n","date":"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z","authors":[{"key":"mf","title":"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer"}],"tags":["lts","linux distributions","support","paywall"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"nextItem":{"title":"Mixed feelings on Rust","permalink":"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion"}},"content":"Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There\'s a wide\\nvariety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few.\\n\\nSome corporations also profit from the support of the \u201cbig\u201d distributions. Let\'s\\ndive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such _business_.\\n\\nThis post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post:\\n[![Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro](https://cdn.pawb.social/mastodon-fe/media_attachments/files/111/864/549/106/543/961/original/f4dac207fb93ffa8.png)](https://hackers.town/@antijingoist/111864760073049505)\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n:::caution Disclaimer\\n\\nYou may take my opinion with a grain of salt, since I\'m affiliated with Red Hat,\\nbut at the same time I\'ve also seen the other side of the fence, so I know how\\nit works from the perspective of the provider/maintainer.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nIf you are not very oriented in the matters of Linux distributions and\\nmaintaining of packages, I suggest looking at the [glossary](#glossary) at the\\nend to have a better grasp of the terms that are used throughout the post.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Point of linux distributions\\n\\nFirst thing I\'d like to point out is the point of the Linux distributions. What\\nbenefit do they provide? And why there are so many of them\u2026\\n\\nAs it has been brought up many times by the _rms_[^1], Linux by itself is not\\nenough, it\'s just the kernel that does the underlying work. We need more\\nsoftware to utilize the hardware. That\'s the gap that Linux distributions bridge\\nby providing the Linux and much more other software that we need.\\n\\nEach distribution is unique in its own way. Some prefer different ways of\\nhandling the software (like Gentoo that allows you to compile it yourself) and\\nothers stable releases of software (like Debian).\\n\\nIn the end it mostly boils down to the packaging. I, as a user, want to do\\nsomething like\\n\\n```\\n$ sudo dnf5 install firefox\\n```\\n\\nand not bother about anything else. I don\'t want to open browser to look the\\nthing up, download it and then click mindlessly 500\xd7 \u201cNext\u201d. I just want to run\\none command and when the maintainers decide it\'s time to move on, another one to\\nupgrade the software to the newer version.\\n\\nOf course, for some use cases you want to minimize the latter. And even make\\nsure that it\'s safe to do it when you need to. You don\'t want to break your\\nproduction deployment just because someone decided it\'s time to push something\\nout.\\n\\nThat\'s when the _maintainers_ come in. They take upon themselves the\\nresponsibility of maintaining the packages. If you\'ve ever used the Debian, you\\nknow very well how _old_ the software is, but that\'s what you might need for\\nyour servers.\\n\\n## Pain of packaging\\n\\nPackaging software _is not_ cost-free. You may as well have 80 % of packages\\nthat don\'t need much care and it\'s rather easy to push them forward, but those\\nremaining, which are complicated and raise issues regularly, will make it up and\\ntake a lot of time and also pain.\\n\\nLibraries are the most common example that might not need much work to be done.\\nOn the other hand, Linux kernel itself is a rather complicated machinery that\\nis patched **a lot** and its build process is not simple either.\\n\\nEven if you consider just those _easily-maintainble_ packages, the process can\\nbe tedious, boring and overall time consuming.\\n\\n:::tip Shameless RHEL-based ecosystem plug\\n\\n[Packit] can help tremendously with the _easily-maintainable_ packages, since it\\n**can** be automated.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Packaging whole ecosystems\\n\\nNow it\'s time to talk about whole ecosystems that have some kind of a packaging\\nby themselves. Yes, I mean Python (with its continuous stream of different\\npackage managers), Rust, Go, etc.\\n\\nWhole point of packaging is to have some form of _gating_. In other words, you\\nwant some kind of _quality control_ when pushing changes into the Linux distros.\\n\\nIf you want to package some tool (or even library) from the aforementioned\\necosystems, you need to package all of the dependencies to make sure something\\ndoesn\'t get updated in the meantime (and also that you can safely reproduce the\\nbuilds, if need be).\\n\\nI\'ve tried to package some utilities for EPEL both in Rust and Go. Dependencies\\nform a DAG[^2] and in case of Rust, it\'s _very_ similar to the way `npm` does\\nits packaging.\\n\\n:::danger Spoiler alert\\n\\nYou get a lot of dependencies. And since it\'s a tree of dependencies, there may\\nbe **a lot** of them.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI have no clue how do the Rust maintainers operate, but I\'m tipping my fedora in\\ntheir direction, since it must be a _pain in the ass_.\\n\\n## Paid distributions\\n\\nYou can find few Linux distributions that are \u201cpaid\u201d. I\'m very well aware of the\\nfact I\'ve used quotes around the word, cause it\'s not that easy and not even\\nsame for all of the distributions that involve some kind of a payment.\\n\\nOne of the first non-free distributions I\'ve come into contact was _[Zorin OS]_\\nwhich basically tries to be the best _transition_ solution when moving away from\\nthe Windows or macOS. If you have a look at the _perks_ of its _Pro_ version\\nthat\'s paid, you may as well decide they are rather questionable\u2026\\n\\nIt\'s time to move into the _Ubuntu Pro_, _RHEL_ and _SLE_ territory. What\'s the\\npoint of those? They definitely offer different kind of, let\'s say,\\n_non-free experience_.\\n\\nWith those you are paying mainly for the support and bug/security patches.\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nThere\'s no mention of any kind of support on the Zorin page\u2026 Apart from the fact\\nthat _you are supporting_ the Zorin development.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Repository structure\\n\\nAs I have mentioned above, the three _services_[^3] I mentioned are providing\\nsupport with regards to bugs and security vulnerabilites. Therefore it makes\\nsense to have some kind of a process in place when you\'re pushing changes\\n(either updates, patches or _security_ patches) to the distribution. And yes,\\nthese processes are _in place_.\\n\\nIf you think about the amount of packages that is present in the community\\ndistributions like _archLinux_ (14,830 packages) or _Fedora_ (74,309 packages),\\nit is safe to come to a conclusion that _there\'s no way_ to support all of them.\\n\\n:::tip archLinux\\n\\nIt may seem that archLinux contains rather small set of packages, but one of the\\n_killer features_ of archLinux lies in the AUR (archLinux User Repository) where\\nyou can find additional **93,283** packages.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThat\'s why the Linux distributions have some structure to their repositories\\nthat contain packages. The way you go around this is rather simple, you choose\\nsome set of _critical_ packages that you guarantee support for (like Linux\\nkernel, openSSL, etc.) and maintain those with all the QA processes in place.\\n\\n:::caution Unpopular opinion\\n\\nThis is also one of the reasons why I\'m quite against packaging anything and\\neverything into the Linux distribution. In my opinion it is impossible to\\n**properly** maintain **huge** set of packages and enforce some kind of\\n**quality control**.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Ubuntu\\n\\nUbuntu has pretty granular structure of their repositories, namely:\\n\\n- `main` containing the \u201ccore\u201d of the Ubuntu that is maintained by the Canonical,\\n- `universe` containing literally the \u201cuniverse\u201d, packages that everyone likes,\\n but they\'re not crucial, this repo is maintained mostly by the community,\\n- `multiverse` containing packages with some license or copyright issues, and\\n- `restricted` containing _proprietary_ packages like nvidia drivers and such.\\n\\nBy briefly checking my Ubuntu 23.10 installation, here are stats of packages in\\ntheir respective repositories:\\n\\n- `main` with 6,128 packages,\\n- `universe` with 63,380 packages,\\n- `multiverse` with 997 packages, and finally\\n- `restricted` with 784 packages.\\n\\nAs you can see, if we sum them up, they are relatively similar to the Fedora\\nnumbers.\\n\\n### CentOS\\n\\nCentOS on the other hand has a bit simpler structure with BaseOS for the base\\nand AppStream for additional packages:\\n\\n- `baseos` with 1,058 packages,\\n- `appstream` with 5,646 packages, and\\n- `extras-common` with 42 packages.\\n\\nOverall they make up the similar number as the Ubuntu\'s `main` repository. And\\nyou can also notice that there are no additional repositories.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nThere\'s also a CRB (CodeReady Builder) repository with dev packages like headers\\nand such.\\n\\nAnd you can also enable EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) which is\\ncommunity-supported and provides another 19,903 packages.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Ubuntu Pro\\n\\nNow it\'s time to get back to the Ubuntu Pro. There are multiple points that need\\nto be taken in account to be either positive or negative about it\u2026\\n\\nWe can start with the way Ubuntu is released and maintained. Ubuntu has regular\\n6-month release cycle and biannual LTS release. Releases are normally supported\\nfor 9 months with the exception of the LTS releases being supported for 5 years.\\n\\nIf you check out the _[Ubuntu Pro]_ website, you can find the following\\nstatement:\\n\\n> **Ubuntu Pro**\\n>\\n> The most comprehensive subscription for open-source software security\\n>\\n> 30-day trial for enterprises. Always free for personal use.\\n\\n:::tip Personal use\\n\\nUbuntu Pro for _personal use_ consists of 5 installations and in case of the\\ncommunity _ambassadors_ 50.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOverall if you try to find what is included in the Ubuntu Pro:\\n\\n- high and critical patches,\\n- 10 years of maintenance, and\\n- (optional) 24/7 enterprise-grade support.\\n\\nIf we get back to the screenshot all the way at the beginning of the post:\\n[![Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro](https://cdn.pawb.social/mastodon-fe/media_attachments/files/111/864/549/106/543/961/original/f4dac207fb93ffa8.png)](https://hackers.town/@antijingoist/111864760073049505)\\n\\nand try to look up to which repository the packages mentioned in the screenshot\\nbelong, we will find out that they belong to `universe` repository which is\\nmaintained by the community. Not to mention nature of the packages: multimedia.\\n\\nYou may think about this as a scam, but considering repository consisting of 70k\\npackages, it is not an easy task to do. And with LTS releases we\'re talking\\nabout 5+ years of support.\\n\\n:::info Fedora\\n\\nTry to compare this state to Fedora. It also has a 6-month release cycle, but\\nthere are no LTS releases and each release is supported only for a year.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nCommon strategy, at this point, is to pull out the _open-source_. Yes, we are\\nstill dealing with the open-source, but keep in mind that you\'re trying to patch\\nsome issue in a version that\'s 5 years old, upstream definitely doesn\'t care\\nanymore[^4], the development didn\'t stop 5 years ago, it\'s going on and fixing\\nthis issue in a release from 5 years is not the same as fixing it in the current\\nrelease. At this point, if you are paying for such support, you are actually\\npaying for someone to do _software archaeology_ which **can be** _non-trivial_\\nto do.\\n\\nIn the case of Ubuntu Pro we\'re talking about community support and best-effort\\nsupport by Canonical for the paying customers. And that makes sense to me,\\nrunning LTS distro for 5+ years on a desktop seems like an odd choice, even\\nwith the help of _[podman]_ and _[distrobox]_ or _[toolbx]_ that allow us to use\\nstable or LTS distro as a base and containerized development environments on top\\nof that.\\n\\n## RHEL ecosystem\\n\\nRHEL ecosystem is much more complicated in this matter. However it\'s very\\nsimilar to the way SUSE operates with few exceptions.\\n\\nYou can see a flow diagram here:\\n\\n```mermaid\\nflowchart LR;\\n U[upstream] --\x3e FR[Fedora Rawhide];\\n FR --\x3e F[Fedora release];\\n F --\x3e C[CentOS Stream];\\n C --\x3e R[RHEL];\\n```\\n\\nKey things to take and not to take from the flow diagram:\\n\\n- getting from one upstream to its respective downstream is not as simple as the\\n presence of an arrow and it\'s not the same process for all of them\\n- lengths of the arrows are not proportional, specifically:\\n - Fedora Rawhide is _supposed to_ consume updates as soon as possible,\\n - depending on the decision of the maintainer they can, but _don\'t have to_ be\\n included in the currently supported Fedora releases (you can take [Emacs] as\\n an example of such package), but Rawhide eventually becomes the next Fedora\\n release,\\n - CentOS Stream gets branched off a specific Fedora release, and then\\n - ultimately CentOS Stream becomes the next **minor** release of RHEL.\\n- this diagram is simplified by **a lot**\\n\\n:::tip SUSE flow for comparison\\n\\nI\'ll also include a SUSE flow, so you can compare:\\n\\n```mermaid\\nflowchart LR;\\n U[upstream] --\x3e T[openSUSE Tumbleweed];\\n T --\x3e L[openSUSE Leap];\\n L --\x3e S[SUSE Linux Enterprise];\\n S --\x3e L;\\n```\\n\\nYou can notice, as opposed to the RHEL ecosystem, some changes are being\\nbackported to the openSUSE Leap.\\n\\nHowever this is subject to change as there is a new [ALP] project arising which\\nis, more than likely, going to replace the Leap.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Change in the model\\n\\nThe flow I\'ve shown above is in effect since late \u201820 and early \u201821. I hope you\\ncan see that it is quite similar to the way SUSE operates too. Before late \u201820\\nthe flow was following:\\n\\n```mermaid\\nflowchart LR;\\n U[upstream] --\x3e FR[Fedora Rawhide];\\n FR --\x3e F[Fedora release];\\n F --\x3e R[RHEL];\\n R --- C[CentOS];\\n```\\n\\nCentOS was the last distribution in that \u201cchain\u201d. This provides some benefits\\nand some negatives.\\n\\n#### Before the change\\n\\nFrom the point of a developer, unless you have some kind of an early access to\\nRHEL, you don\'t see the changes until they land and are already released. This\\nimpairs your ability to test and verify your software before shipping it to your\\nclients that use RHEL.\\n\\nFrom the point of a user, there is one positive, you basically get \u201cfree RHEL\u201d\\nwithout the support. This also allowed you to report bugs against the RHEL,\\nsince they were 1:1 distros (minus the branding and support). So you\'d\\ntechnically get RHEL free of charge.\\n\\nBenefit of such project, except for the cost, is questionable. The main issue,\\nwhich actually became even more apparent after changing the flow, is someone\\nelse repackaging your own product and selling it again.\\n\\n#### After the change\\n\\nFirst of all, the current flow counters the issue mentioned above. You can test\\nyour projects against the _next minor RHEL release_. CentOS Stream is free, so\\nyou can freely incorporate it into your CI pipelines.\\n\\n:::tip Shameless plug pt. 2\\n\\nAgain, [Packit] can help you on upstream to verify that you\'re not breaking your\\nRPM builds and on top of that you can also use [Testing Farm] to run tests on a\\nspecific Fedora or CentOS Stream releases.\\n\\n> Green tests may not be green everywhere and catching such issues as soon as\\n> possible costs much less than catching them further down the chain.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThere are many people thinking that RHEL has become closed-source. It is not.\\nThe development happens _out in the open_, it\'s more open that it was before.\\nHowever with the cost of not getting the exact same thing for free. You can get\\nthe next minor RHEL, not the same that\'s normally paid for. [Packit] is an\\nexample of a service that is deployed on the CentOS 9 Stream and even used to be\\ndeployed on Fedora, but the regular 6-month release cycle caused some minor\\nissues here and there.\\n\\n_Production-ready_ is something that heavily depends on the context\u2026\\n\\n:::tip Free \u201cclones\u201d\\n\\nAfter this change so-called _free \u201cclones\u201d_ emerged. I have to admit that in\\ncase of _[AlmaLinux]_ I can see some benefits e.g., pushing for live images and\\nsupport of various desktop environments, Raspberry Pi support or even WSL images\\nbeing present in the M$ Store and easy to install.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Open-source and paid support\\n\\nOverall I don\'t think that paying for the support of 5 years old _non-critical_\\npackages is going against the open-source. It is a non-trivial work that, in\\nmajority of cases, cannot be included in the upstream, therefore the benefit is\\nreapt only by the paying customers. I have to admit that in the case of the\\nUbuntu Pro it may seem a bit weird (hiding patches behind the paywall). However\\nwe\'re still talking about rather big set of packages that will affect a minority\\nof server workloads, if any.\\n\\n## Glossary\\n\\n- _rolling release_ - continuously released without \u201csignificant milestones\u201d\\n\\n :::tip\\n\\n As an example of rolling distribution you can take archLinux, openSUSE\\n Tumbleweed, Fedora Rawhide, or even CentOS 9 Stream.\\n\\n As en example of **not** rolling distribution you can take Ubuntu, openSUSE\\n Leap or Fedora.\\n\\n :::\\n\\n- _bleeding edge_ - contains the latest versions as they are released on the\\n upstream\\n\\n :::tip\\n\\n As an example you can take archLinux, openSUSE Tumbleweed or Fedora Rawhide.\\n You can also notice how common it is to combine _rolling release_ with\\n _bleeding edge_.\\n\\n :::\\n\\n- _upstream_ & _downstream_\\n\\n You\'re most likely to meet these terms in the meaning of upstream being the\\n project itself and downstream being the packaging of said project in some\\n distribution.\\n\\n However this can also apply to distributions like _openSUSE Tumbleweed_ with\\n _openSUSE Leap_, _Fedora_ with _CentOS Stream_, or even _CentOS Stream_ with\\n _RHEL_. This basically means that the packages/software is being released into\\n the upstream (Tumbleweed, Fedora, or even CentOS) and then after being tested\\n is taken further down into their respective downstreams (Leap, CentOS, RHEL).\\n\\n[almalinux]: https://almalinux.org/\\n[alp]: https://susealp.io/\\n[distrobox]: https://distrobox.it/\\n[emacs]: https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/emacs/\\n[packit]: https://packit.dev/\\n[podman]: https://podman.io/\\n[testing farm]: https://docs.testing-farm.io/Testing%20Farm/0.1/index.html\\n[toolbx]: https://containertoolbx.org/\\n[ubuntu pro]: https://ubuntu.com/pro/\\n[zorin os]: https://zorin.com/os/pro/\\n\\n[^1]: Richard Stallman\\n[^2]: directed acyclic graph\\n[^3]:\\n Ubuntu Pro is technically a service whereas the RHEL and SLE are distros\\n with the support included.\\n\\n[^4]:\\n There are upstream projects that keep LTS branches, such as Linux kernel,\\n but even in the case of the kernel itself, they\'re planning on ending it,\\n since the cost outweighs the benefits at this point."},{"id":"/2024/01/28/rust-opinion","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md","source":"@site/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md","title":"Mixed feelings on Rust","description":"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\\n","date":"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"January 28, 2024","tags":[{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"},{"label":"memory safety","permalink":"/blog/tags/memory-safety"},{"label":"cult","permalink":"/blog/tags/cult"},{"label":"hype","permalink":"/blog/tags/hype"}],"readingTime":15.395,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. passionate language hater","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Mixed feelings on Rust","description":"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\\n","date":"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z","authors":[{"key":"mf","title":"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],"tags":["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"LTS distributions","permalink":"/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros"},"nextItem":{"title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","permalink":"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"}},"content":"Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I\'ve managed to get my\\nhands dirty with it during _[Advent of Code]_ \u201822 and partially \u201823. I\'ve also\\nused it for few rounds of _[Codeforces]_ and I have to try very hard to maintain\\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I\'ll\\ndisclaim up front that I won\'t be only positive, since this post is a result of\\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\\n_\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d_, so if you can\'t stand your favorite language\\nbeing criticized in any way, don\'t even proceed. :wink:\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## Memory safety\\n\\nI\'ll start by kicking the biggest benefit of the language, the memory safety.\\nLet\'s be honest here, majority of the checks rely on the static analysis, cause\\nyou can\'t do anything else during the compile-time, right? Therefore we can\\nbasically say that we are relying on the compiler to \u201csolve\u201d all of our issues.\\n\\n:::warning\\n\\nI\'m not doubting the fact that compiler can prevent **a lot** of the memory\\nerrors, I\'m just saying it\'s not realistic to cover **everything**.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Compiler\\n\\nI guess we can safely[^2] agree on the fact that we 100% rely on the compiler to\\n_have our back_. Is the compiler bug-free? I doubt it. This is not meant in an\\noffensive way to the Rust compiler developers, but we need to be realistic here.\\nIt\'s a compiler, even older and larger projects like _gcc_ or _llvm_ can\'t avoid\\nbugs to appear.\\n\\nWhen I was trying out Rust for some of the LeetCode challenges I\'ve stumbled\\nupon the following warning:\\n![Example of a compiler bug](https://i.imgur.com/NfPLF6o.png)\\n\\n:::danger [Issue](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/59159)\\n\\nThe issue here comes from the fact that we have 2 simultaneous references to the\\nsame memory (one is mutable and one immutable). If you cannot think of any way\\nthis can break, I\'ll give you a rather simple example from C++ where this could\\ncause an issue.\\n\\nImagine a function that has some complex object and also calls a coroutine which\\nutilizes read-only reference to that object. When the coroutine suspends, the\\ncaller can modify the object. This can break the integrity of data read by the\\ncoroutine.\\n\\n- Yes, this **can** cause a memory error.\\n- Yes, this **hasn\'t** been handled until someone noticed it.\\n\\nFixing this bug is not backwards compatible, cause you\'re covering a case that\\nhasn\'t been covered before.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Enforcing the safety\\n\\nOne of the ways Rust enforces the safety is by restricting what you can do, like\\nthe example above. Aforementioned issue _can_ happen, but **doesn\'t have to**.\\nRule of the thumb in the Rust compiler is to _\u201cblock\u201d_ anything that can be an\\nissue, static analysis can\'t do much more, it cannot decide whether it\'s safe to\\ndo it or not.\\n\\nSatisfying the Rust compiler is sometimes a brutal pain in the ass, because you\\ncannot do things like you\'re used to, you need to work around them _somehow_.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nKey difference between Rust and C or C++ lies in the fact that Rust chooses to\\n_ban_ all \u201cpotentially offensive\u201d actions, C and C++ _relies_ on **you** to be\\nsure it\'s safe to do.\\n\\n![C++ v. Rust](https://i.imgur.com/0vbkYPp.png)\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Consequences\\n\\nWhere are we heading with this approach of \u201cif it compiles, it runs\u201d though?\\nIn this aspect I have a rather similar opinion as with regards to the ChatGPT\\nand its derivatives.\\n\\nIf you teach people to 100% depend on the compiler, they will do it, cause it\'s\\n_easy_. All you need to do is make the compiler _shut up_[^3]. Giving up the\\n_intellectual masturbation_ about the memory safety will make you lose your edge\\nover the time. When we get to the point of everyone being in the mindset\\nmentioned above, who\'s going to maintain the compiler? This is the place where\\nyou **need to** think about the memory safety and furthermore in a much more\\ngeneral way than in your own projects, because it is the thing that everyone\\n_blindly believes in_ in the end.\\n\\nI\'m not saying that everyone should give up Rust and think about their memory\\nmanagement and potential memory issues. I\'m just saying that going the easy way\\nwill make people _dull_ and they should think about it anyways, that\'s how the\\nissue above has been discovered. If everyone walked past and didn\'t think about\\nit, no one would discover this issue till it bit them hard.\\n\\n:::tip Standard library\\n\\nEven the standard library is littered with `unsafe` blocks that are prefixed\\nwith comments in style:\\n\\n```rs\\n// SAFETY: \u2026\\n```\\n\\nThe fact that the _casual_ Rust dev doesn\'t have to think much about safety,\\ncause the compiler has their back, doesn\'t mean that the Rust compiler dev\\ndoesn\'t either.\\n\\nI gotta admit that I adopted this concept in other languages (even in Python),\\ncause you can encounter situations where it doesn\'t have to be clear _why_ you\\ncan do _what_ you\'re doing.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## Development & design\\n\\nDevelopment of Rust is\u2026 very fast. One positive is that they\'re trying to be as\\nbackward compatible as possible at least by verifying against all the published\\ncrates in the process. Of course, you cannot be backward compatible about fixing\\nthe bugs that have been found, but such is life.\\n\\n### Fast development cycle\\n\\nOne of the negatives of the fast development cycle is the fact that they\'re\\nusing the latest features already in the next release of the Rust. Yes, it is\\nsomething that you can use for verifying and testing your own changes, but at\\nthe same time it places a requirement of the latest release to compile the next\\none.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nIf you check `gcc` for example, they have a requirement of minimal version of\\ncompiler that you need for the build. Though gcc\'s requirement is not so _needy_\\nas the Rust one.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOne of the other negatives is the introduction of bugs. If you\'re pushing\\nchanges, somewhat mindlessly, at such a fast pace, it is inevitable to introduce\\na bunch bugs in the process. Checking the GitHub issue tracker with\\n\\n```\\nis:issue is:open label:C-bug label:T-compiler\\n```\\n\\nyields **2,224** open issues at the time of writing this post.\\n\\n### RFCs\\n\\nYou can find **a lot** of RFCs for the Rust. Some of them are more questionable\\nthan the others. Fun thing is that a lot of them make it to the nightly builds,\\nso they can be tested and polished off. Even the questionable ones\u2026 I\'ll leave\\nfew examples for a better understanding.\\n\\nOne of such features is the `do yeet` expression:\\n\\n```rust\\n#![feature(yeet_expr)]\\n\\nfn foo() -> Result {\\n do yeet 4;\\n}\\nassert_eq!(foo(), Err(4));\\n\\nfn bar() -> Option {\\n do yeet;\\n}\\nassert_eq!(bar(), None);\\n```\\n\\nIt allows you to \u201cyeet\u201d the errors out of the functions that return `Result` or\\n`Option`.\\n\\n[One](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3503) of the more recent ones is\\nthe ability to include Cargo manifests into the sources, so you can do something\\nlike:\\n\\n```rust\\n#!/usr/bin/env cargo\\n---\\n[dependencies]\\nclap = { version = \\"4.2\\", features = [\\"derive\\"] }\\n---\\n\\nuse clap::Parser;\\n\\n#[derive(Parser, Debug)]\\n#[clap(version)]\\nstruct Args {\\n #[clap(short, long, help = \\"Path to config\\")]\\n config: Option,\\n}\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let args = Args::parse();\\n println!(\\"{:?}\\", args);\\n}\\n```\\n\\nI would say you can get almost anything into the language\u2026\\n\\n## Community and hype train\\n\\nRust community is a rather unique thing. A lot of people will hate me for this,\\nbut I can\'t help, but to compare them to _militant vegans_. I\'ll go through some\\nof the things related to it, so I can support my opinion at least.\\n\\n_Rust is the best language._ It is not. There is no best language, each has its\\nown positives and negatives, you need to choose the language that\'s **the most**\\n**suitable for your use case**. There are areas where Rust excels, though I have\\nto admit it\'s very close to being a universal hammer regardless of how suitable\\nit is. There is a very steep learning curve to it, beginnings in Rust are very\\npainful.\\n\\n_Rewrite everything in Rust._ Just no. There are multiple feedbacks on doing\\nrewrites, it is very common to fix _N_ bugs with a rewrite while introducing\\n_N + 1_ other bugs in the process. It doesn\'t solve anything unless there are\\nsome strong reasons to go with it. Majority of such suggested rewrites don\'t\\nhave those reasons though.\\n\\n_Language \u2039x\u203a is bad, though in Rust\u2026_ Cherry-picking one specific pain point of\\none language and reflecting how it is better in other language can go both ways.\\nFor example it is rather easy to pick the limitations imposed by Rust compiler\\nand show how it\'s possible in other languages :man_shrugging:\\n\\nI don\'t mind any of those opinions, you\'re free to have them, as long as you\\ndon\'t rub them in my face which is not the usual case\u2026 This experience makes it\\njust worse for me, part of this post may be also influenced by this fact.\\n\\n### Rust in Linux\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nAs someone who has seen the way Linux kernel is built in the RHEL ecosystem, how\\ncomplex the whole thing is and how much resources you need to proceed, I have\\nvery strong opinions on this topic.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIt took years of work to even \u201cincorporate\u201d Rust into the Linux codebase, just\\nto get the \u201cHello World!\u201d. I don\'t have anything against the idea of writing\\ndrivers in the Rust, I bet it can catch a lot of common mistakes, but still\\nintroducing Rust to the kernel is another step to enlarge the monster.\\n\\nI have to admit though that the _Apple GPU_ driver for Linux written in Rust is\\nquite impressive. Apart from that there are not so many benefits, yet\u2026\\n\\n## Packaging\\n\\nI\'ll divide the packaging into the packaging of the language itself and the\\nprograms written in Rust.\\n\\nLet\'s start with the `cargo` itself though. Package managers of the languages\\nusually get a lot of hate (you can take `npm` or `pip` as examples[^1]). If\\nyou\'ve ever tried out Rust, I bet you already know where I\'m going with this.\\nYes, I mean the compilation times, or even Cargo downloading _whole_ index of\\ncrates just so you can update that one dependency (and 3 millions of indirect\\ndeps). When I was doing AoC \u201822 in Rust, I\'ve set up `sccache` right away on the\\nfirst day.\\n\\nLet\'s move to the packaging of the Rust itself, it\'s tedious. Rust has a very\\nfast development cycle and doesn\'t even try to make the builds backward\\ncompatible. If there is a new release of Rust, there is a very high chance that\\nyou cannot build that release with anything other than **the latest** Rust\\nrelease. If you have ever touched the packaging, you know that this is something\\nthat can cause a lot of problems, cause you need the second-to-latest version to\\ncompile the latest version, don\'t forget that this applies inductively\u2026 People\\nrunning _Gentoo_ could tell you a lot about this.\\n\\n:::info\\n\\nCompiling the compilers takes usually more time than compiling the kernel\\nitself\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI cannot speak about packaging of Rust programs in other than RHEL-based\\ndistros, though I can speak about RHEL ecosystem. Fedora packaging guidelines\\nspecify that you need to build each and every dependency of the program\\nseparately. I wanted to try out _AlmaLinux_ and install Alacritty there and I\\nfailed miserably. The solution that worked, consisted of ignoring the packaging\\nguidelines, running `cargo build` and consuming the binaries afterwards.\\nDependencies of the Rust programs are of a similar nature as JS dependencies.\\n\\n> I\'m tipping my fedora[^2] in the general direction of the maintainers of Rust\\n> packages in RHEL ecosystem. I wouldn\'t be able to do this without losing my\\n> sanity.\\n\\n## Likes\\n\\nIf you\'ve come all the way here and you\'re a Rustacean, I believe I\'ve managed\\nto get your blood boiling, so it\'s time to finish this off by stuff I like about\\nRust. I doubt I will be able to cover everything, but I can try at least. You\\nhave to admit it\'s much easier to remember the bad stuff as opposed to the good.\\n:wink:\\n\\n### Workflow and toolchain\\n\\nI prefered using Rust for the _Advent of Code_ and _Codeforces_ as it provides\\na rather easy way to test the solutions before running them with the challenge\\ninput (or test runner). I can give an example from the _Advent of Code_:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2023::*;\\n\\ntype Output1 = i32;\\ntype Output2 = Output1;\\n\\nstruct DayXX {}\\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\\n fn new>(pathname: P) -> Self {\\n let lines: Vec = file_to_lines(pathname);\\n\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_1(&mut self) -> Output1 {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_2(&mut self) -> Output2 {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n DayXX::main()\\n}\\n\\ntest_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, 42, 69);\\n```\\n\\nThis was the skeleton I\'ve used and the macro at the end is my own creation that\\nexpands to:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[cfg(test)]\\nmod day_XX {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn part_1() {\\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(1);\\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\\n assert_eq!(day.part_1(), 42);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn part_2() {\\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(2);\\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\\n assert_eq!(day.part_2(), 69);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWhen you\'re solving the problem, all you need to do is switch between\\n`cargo test` and `cargo run` to check the answer to either sample or the\\nchallenge input itself.\\n\\nIntroduce [bacon] and it gets even better. Bacon is a CLI tool that wraps around\\nthe `cargo` and allows you to check, run, lint or run tests on each file save.\\nIt\'s a very pleasant thing for a so-called _compiler-assisted_ development.\\n\\nSpeaking of linting from within the bacon, you cannot leave out the [clippy].\\nNot only it can whip your ass because of errors, but it can also produce a lot\\nof helpful suggestions, for example passing slices by borrow instead of\\nborrowing the `Vec` itself when you don\'t need it.\\n\\n### Standard library\\n\\nThere\'s **a lot** included in the standard library. It almost feels like you\\nhave all you need[^4]. I like placeholders (like `todo!()`, `unreachable!()`,\\n`unimplemented!()`) to the extent of\\n[implementing](/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders) them as exceptions in C++.\\n\\nYou can find almost anything. Though you can also hit some very weird issues\\nwith some of the nuances of the type system.\\n\\n### `unsafe`\\n\\nThis might be something that people like to avoid as much as possible. However I\\nthink that forming a habit of commenting posibly unsafe operations in **any**\\nlanguage is a good habit, as I\'ve mentioned above. You should be able to argue\\nwhy you can do something safely, even if the compiler is not kicking your ass\\nbecause of it.\\n\\nExcerpt of such comment from work:\\n\\n```py\\n# SAFETY: Taking first package instead of specific package should be\\n# safe, since we have put a requirement on \xbbone\xab \u2039upstream_project_url\u203a\\n# per Packit config, i.e. even if we\'re dealing with a monorepo, there\\n# is only \xbbone\xab upstream. If there is one upstream, there is only one\\n# set of GPG keys that can be allowed.\\nreturn self.downstream_config.packages[\\n self.downstream_config._first_package\\n].allowed_gpg_keys\\n```\\n\\n### Traits\\n\\nOne of the other things I like are the traits. They are more restrictive than\\ntemplates or concepts in C++, but they\'re doing their job pretty good. If you\\nare building library and require multiple traits to be satisfied it means a lot\\nof copy-paste, but that\'s soon to be fixed by the [trait aliases].\\n\\n:::tip Comparing to other languages\\n\\nOn Wikipedia I\'ve seen trait being defined as a more restrictive type class as\\nyou may know it from the Haskell for example. C++ isn\'t behind either with its\\n_constraints and concepts_. I would say that we can order them in the following\\norder based on the complexity they can express:\\n\\n```\\nRust\'s trait < Haskell\'s type class < C++\'s concept\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nYou can also hit some issues, like me when trying to support conversions between\\nunderlying numeric types of a 2D vectors or support for using an operator from\\nboth sides (I couldn\'t get `c * u` to work in the same way as `u * c` because\\nthe first one requires you to implement the trait of a built-in type).\\n\\n:::warning Implementation\\n\\nImplementing traits lies in\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {\\n // implementation goes here\\n}\\n```\\n\\nOne of the things I **would love to** see is being able to define the helper\\nfunctions within the same block. As of now, the only things allowed are the ones\\nthat are required by the trait, which in the end results in a randomly lying\\nfunctions around (or in a implementation of the structure itself). I don\'t like\\nthis mess at all\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Influence of functional paradigm\\n\\nYou can see a big influence of the functional paradigm. Not only in iterators,\\nbut also in the other parts of the language. For example I prefer `Option` or\\n`Result` to `null`s and exceptions. Pattern matching together with\\ncompiler both enforces handling of the errors and rather user-friendly way of\\ndoing it.\\n\\nNot to mention `.and_then()` and such. However spending most of the time with\\nthe AoC you get pretty annoyed of the repetitive `.unwrap()` during parsing,\\nsince you are guaranteed correct input.\\n\\n### Macros\\n\\nMacros are a very strong pro of the Rust. And no, we\'re not going to talk about\\nthe procedural macros\u2026\\n\\nAs I\'ve shown above I\'ve managed to \u201ctame\u201d a lot of copy-paste in the tests for\\nthe AoC by utilizing a macro that generated a very basic template for the tests.\\n\\nAs I have mentioned the traits above, I cannot forget to give props to `derive`\\nmacro that allows you to \u201cdeduce\u201d the default implementation. It is very helpful\\nfor a tedious tasks like implementing `Debug` (for printing out the structures)\\nor comparisons, though with the comparisons you need to be careful about the\\ndefault implementation, it has already bitten me once or twice.\\n\\n## Summary\\n\\nOverall there are many things about the Rust I like and would love to see them\\nimplemented in other languages. However there are also many things I don\'t like.\\nNothing is **exclusively** black and white.\\n\\n[advent of code]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[bacon]: https://dystroy.org/bacon/\\n[clippy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy\\n[codeforces]: https://codeforces.com\\n[trait aliases]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1733-trait-alias.md\\n\\n[^1]:\\n not to even mention multiple different packaging standards Python has, which\\n is borderline https://xkcd.com/927/\\n\\n[^2]: pun intended\\n[^3]: It\'s not that easy with the Rust compiler, but OK\u2026\\n[^4]:\\n unlike Python where there\'s whole universe in the language itself, yet there\\n are essential things not present\u2026"},{"id":"/2023/08/02/copr","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/2023/08/02/copr","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2023-08-02-copr.md","source":"@site/blog/2023-08-02-copr.md","title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","description":"Copr comes to save you when maintainer doesn\'t care.","date":"2023-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"August 2, 2023","tags":[{"label":"\ud83c\udfed","permalink":"/blog/tags/\ud83c\udfed"},{"label":"red-hat","permalink":"/blog/tags/red-hat"},{"label":"copr","permalink":"/blog/tags/copr"},{"label":"admin","permalink":"/blog/tags/admin"},{"label":"vps","permalink":"/blog/tags/vps"}],"readingTime":3.44,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. your opinionated admin","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","description":"Copr comes to save you when maintainer doesn\'t care.","date":"2023-08-02T00:00:00.000Z","authors":[{"key":"mf","title":"a.k.a. your opinionated admin"}],"tags":["\ud83c\udfed","red-hat","copr","admin","vps"]},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Mixed feelings on Rust","permalink":"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion"},"nextItem":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week"}},"content":"When you decide to run Fedora on your VPS, you might get screwed over by using\\nrandom repositories\u2026\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\nWhen I \u201creserved\u201d my VPS[^1] back in June \'20, I slapped Fedora on it without\\nthinking. I bet 99% of people would say that I\'m crazy for doing such thing[^2],\\n**BUT** I\'ve been using Fedora on my PCs for some time already and it felt very\\nstable and natural to just use, even for VPS.\\n\\nOne of the first things I\'ve done was setting up a mail server. You may guess\\nwhat\'s the fun part about having a mail server\u2026 Yes, it\'s all the spam you\\nreceive and only then you realize how much \u201ccrap\u201d gets filtered on free mail\\nservices. To battle this problem I chose to use\\n[rspamd](https://github.com/rspamd/rspamd) that had CentOS support, but someone\\nhad a [Copr](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/) repository that I used to\\ninstall it.\\n\\n## How does Copr repositories work?\\n\\nIf you have ever used Ubuntu, you might be familiar with the concept since it is\\nvery close to [PPAs](https://help.ubuntu.com/community/PPA).\\n\\ntl;dr of the whole process consists of\\n\\n1. enabling the Copr repository, and\\n2. installing the desired package.\\n\\nSo in shell you would do\\n\\n```\\n# dnf copr enable \u2039copr-repository\u203a\\n# dnf install \u2039package-from-the-repository\u203a\\n```\\n\\nAnd\u2026 that\'s it! Nothing else needed! Simple, right? And literally same process\\nas you would do for the PPA.\\n\\n:::tip AUR\\n\\nOn the other hand, if you are familiar with the archLinux, you definitely know\\nAUR and what it can do for you. Copr repository is pretty similar, but the\\npackages are prebuilt in Copr and Copr repositories can carry the required\\ndependencies for said packages, which simplifies the distribution, and can even\\nhelp with installing singular packages (when you just need the dependency, not\\neverything).\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## My issue\\n\\nNow you might wonder how would I use it on my VPS. It\'s rather simple, once in\\n6 months a new Fedora release comes out. And you need to upgrade to newer\\nrelease\u2026 You don\'t need to do it right away and for such setup it probably isn\'t\\neven recommended.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nFedora releases are supported for a year, i.e. they live 6 months till the next\\nrelease and then another 6 months till another release.\\n\\nSome people prefer to run one version \u201cbehind\u201d. If you ever decide to run it on\\nyour home server or in a similar setup, it might be a pretty good idea to\\nfollow. I\'m using the \u201clatest greatest\u201d, cause why not :smile:\\n\\nOne way or another, you still need to bump the release every six months, unless\\nyou\'d bump 2 releases at once every year, which would be a decision, since, at\\nleast I, cannot see any benefits in it\u2026 You don\'t go for \u201cstability\u201d, cause once\\na year you switch to the latest release and then, before you bump, you use one\\nyear old software, so you\'re not even using the latest.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nFast-forward 2 years in the future, new Fedora release came out (October \'22)\\nand I was doing an upgrade. Dependencies of the rspamd have been updated and\\nrspamd builds in Copr have failed and no one fixed it. Cool, so now I can\\nupgrade, but can either ignore the dependencies or uninstall the rspamd\u2026\\n\\n## How can Copr help?\\n\\nI have managed to find\\n[specfile](https://github.com/rspamd/rspamd/blob/master/rpm/rspamd.spec) for the\\nrspamd package that they use for CentOS. There were some files apart from the\\nspecfile, so I had to make an SRPM locally and then\u2026 I just uploaded the SRPM\\nto the Copr to\\n[build](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/mfocko/rspamd/build/5046567/)\\nan RPM.\\n\\nI have switched the previous Copr repository for rspamd with my own and happily\\nproceeded with the upgrade.\\n\\n## Conclusion\\n\\nCopr is heavily used for testing builds on the upstream with\\n[Packit](https://packit.dev). However, as you can see, it is possible to use it\\n**very well** for packaging your own stuff and avoiding issues (such as the one\\nI have described above), if need be.\\n\\n[^1]: [vpsFree.cz](https://vpsfree.cz)\\n[^2]:\\n Even though I\'ve been running archLinux on some Raspberry Pi\'s and also\\n on one of my \u201chome servers\u201d, before getting the VPS. You could say I like\\n to live on the edge\u2026"},{"id":"aoc-2022/4th-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4.md","title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving fourth week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-07T15:14:00.000Z","formattedDate":"July 7, 2023","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":15.175,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving fourth week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-07T15:14","slug":"aoc-2022/4th-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"How can Copr help with broken dependencies","permalink":"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"},"nextItem":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the fourth week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 22: Monkey Map](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/22)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating a movement on a 2D map with given instructions. Map becomes a cube in\\nthe 2nd part\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::caution Rant\\n\\nThis was the most obnoxious problem of this year\u2026 and a lot of Rust issues have\\nbeen hit.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nIt seems like a very simple problem to solve, but with very obnoxious changes in\\nthe 2nd part and also it\'s relatively hard to decompose \xbbproperly\xab.\\n\\n#### Column iterator\\n\\nIn the first part of the problem it was needed to know the boundaries of each\\nrow and column, since I stored them in `Vec>` and padded with spaces\\nto ensure I have a rectangular 2D \u201carray\u201d. However when you wanted to go through\\neach row and column to determine the boundaries, it was very easy to do for the\\nrows (cause each row is a `Vec` element), but not for the columns, since they\\nspan multiple rows.\\n\\nFor this use case I have implemented my own _column iterator_:\\n\\n```rust\\npub struct ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n map: &\'a [Vec],\\n column: usize,\\n\\n i: usize,\\n}\\n\\nimpl<\'a, T> ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n pub fn new(map: &\'a [Vec], column: usize) -> ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n Self { map, column, i: 0 }\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl<\'a, T> Iterator for ColumnIterator<\'a, T> {\\n type Item = &\'a T;\\n\\n fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\\n if self.i >= self.map.len() {\\n return None;\\n }\\n\\n self.i += 1;\\n Some(&self.map[self.i - 1][self.column])\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nGiven this piece of an iterator, it is very easy to factor out the common\\nfunctionality between the rows and columns into:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet mut find_boundaries = |constructor: fn(usize) -> Orientation,\\n iterator: &mut dyn Iterator,\\n upper_bound,\\n i| {\\n let mut first_non_empty = iterator.enumerate().skip_while(|&(_, &c)| c == \' \');\\n let start = first_non_empty.next().unwrap().0 as isize;\\n\\n let mut last_non_empty = first_non_empty.skip_while(|&(_, &c)| c != \' \');\\n let end = last_non_empty.next().unwrap_or((upper_bound, &\'_\')).0 as isize;\\n\\n boundaries.insert(constructor(i), start..end);\\n};\\n```\\n\\nAnd then use it as such:\\n\\n```rust\\n// construct all horizontal boundaries\\n(0..map.len()).for_each(|row| {\\n find_boundaries(\\n Orientation::horizontal,\\n &mut map[row].iter(),\\n map[row].len(),\\n row,\\n );\\n});\\n\\n// construct all vertical boundaries\\n(0..map[0].len()).for_each(|col| {\\n find_boundaries(\\n Orientation::vertical,\\n &mut ColumnIterator::new(&map, col),\\n map.len(),\\n col,\\n );\\n});\\n```\\n\\n#### Walking around the map\\n\\nOnce the 2nd part got introduced, you start to think about a way how not to\\ncopy-paste a lot of stuff (I haven\'t avoided it anyways\u2026). In this problem, I\'ve\\nchosen to introduce a trait (i.e. _interface_) for 2D and 3D walker.\\n\\n```rust\\ntrait Wrap: Clone {\\n type State;\\n\\n // simulation\\n fn is_blocked(&self) -> bool;\\n fn step(&mut self, steps: isize);\\n fn turn_left(&mut self);\\n fn turn_right(&mut self);\\n\\n // movement\\n fn next(&self) -> (Self::State, Direction);\\n\\n // final answer\\n fn answer(&self) -> Output;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nEach walker maintains its own state and also provides the functions that are\\nused during the simulation. The \u201cpromised\u201d methods are separated into:\\n\\n- _simulation_-related: that are used during the simulation from the `.fold()`\\n- _movement_-related: just a one method that holds most of the logic differences\\n between 2D and 3D\\n- _final answer_: which extracts the _proof of solution_ from the\\n implementation-specific walker\\n\\nBoth 2D and 3D versions borrow the original input and therefore you must\\nannotate the lifetime of it:\\n\\n```rust\\nstruct Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n input: &\'a Input,\\n position: Position,\\n direction: Direction,\\n}\\nimpl<\'a> Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n fn new(input: &\'a Input) -> Wrap2D<\'a> {\\n// \u2026\\n```\\n\\n#### Problems\\n\\nI have used a lot of closures for this problem and once I introduced a parameter\\nthat was of unknown type (apart from the fact it implements a specific trait), I\\ngot suggested a \u201cfix\u201d for the compilation error that resulted in something that\\nwas not possible to parse, cause it, more than likely, violated the grammar.\\n\\nIn a similar fashion, I have been suggested changes that led to a code that\\ndidn\'t make sense by just looking at it (there was no need to try the changes),\\nfor example one suggested change in the closure parameter caused disapperance of\\nthe parameter name. :smile:\\n\\n#### Clippy\\n\\nI have to admit that Clippy was rather helpful here, I\'ll include two examples\\nof rather smart suggestions.\\n\\nWhen writing the parsing for this problem, the first thing I have spotted on the\\n`char` was the `.is_digit()` function that takes a radix as a parameter. Clippy\\nnoticed that I use `radix = 10` and suggested switching to `.is_ascii_digit()`\\nthat does exactly the same thing:\\n\\n```diff\\n- .take_while(|c| c.is_digit(10))\\n+ .take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())\\n```\\n\\nAnother useful suggestion appeared when working with the iterators and I wanted\\nto get the $n$-th element from it. You know the `.skip()`, you know the\\n`.next()`, just \u201cslap\u201d them together and we\'re done for :grin: Well, I got\\nsuggested to use `.nth()` that does exactly the combination of the two mentioned\\nmethods on iterators:\\n\\n```diff\\n- match it.clone().skip(skip).next().unwrap() {\\n+ match it.clone().nth(skip).unwrap() {\\n```\\n\\n## [Day 23: Unstable Diffusion](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/23)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating movement of elves around with a set of specific rules.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThere\'s not much to mention since it\'s just a cellular automaton simulation\\n(even though the AoC rules for cellular automatons usually get out of hand\\n:wink:).\\n\\nAlthough I had a need to determine boundaries of the elves\' positions and ended\\nup with a nasty DRY violation. Knowing that you you\'re looking for maximum and\\nminimum that are, of course, exactly the same except for initial values and\\ncomparators, it looks like a rather simple fix, but typing in Rust is something\\nelse, right? In the end I settled for a function that computes both boundaries\\nwithout any duplication while using a closure:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn get_bounds(positions: &Input) -> (Vector2D, Vector2D) {\\n let f = |init, cmp: &dyn Fn(isize, isize) -> isize| {\\n positions\\n .iter()\\n .fold(Vector2D::new(init, init), |acc, elf| {\\n Vector2D::new(cmp(acc.x(), elf.x()), cmp(acc.y(), elf.y()))\\n })\\n };\\n\\n (f(isize::MAX, &min::), f(isize::MIN, &max::))\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis function returns a pair of 2D vectors that represent opposite points of the\\nbounding rectangle of all elves.\\n\\nYou might ask why would we need a closure and the answer is that `positions`\\ncannot be captured from within the nested function, only via closure. One more\\nfun fact on top of that is the type of the comparator\\n\\n```rust\\n&dyn Fn(isize, isize) -> isize\\n```\\n\\nOnce we remove the `dyn` keyword, compiler yells at us and also includes a way\\nhow to get a more thorough explanation of the error by running\\n\\n $ rustc --explain E0782\\n\\nwhich shows us\\n\\n Trait objects must include the `dyn` keyword.\\n\\n Erroneous code example:\\n\\n ```\\n trait Foo {}\\n fn test(arg: Box) {} // error!\\n ```\\n\\n Trait objects are a way to call methods on types that are not known until\\n runtime but conform to some trait.\\n\\n Trait objects should be formed with `Box`, but in the code above\\n `dyn` is left off.\\n\\n This makes it harder to see that `arg` is a trait object and not a\\n simply a heap allocated type called `Foo`.\\n\\n To fix this issue, add `dyn` before the trait name.\\n\\n ```\\n trait Foo {}\\n fn test(arg: Box) {} // ok!\\n ```\\n\\n This used to be allowed before edition 2021, but is now an error.\\n\\n:::danger Rant\\n\\nNot all of the explanations are helpful though, in some cases they might be even\\nmore confusing than helpful, since they address _very simple_ use cases.\\n\\nAs you can see, even in this case there are two sides to the explanations:\\n\\n- it explains why you need to use `dyn`, but\\n- it still mentions that trait objects need to be heap-allocated via `Box`\\n that, as you can see in my snippet, **does not** apply here :smile: IMO it\'s\\n caused by the fact that we are borrowing it and therefore we don\'t need to\\n care about the size or whereabouts of it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::info C++ parallel\\n\\nIf you dive into the explanation above, you can notice that the `Box`\\npattern is very helpful for using types that are not known during compile-time.\\nYou would use a very similar approach in C++ when parsing some data structure\\nfrom input (let\'s say JSON for example).\\n\\nOn the other hand, in this case, it doesn\'t really make much sense, cause you\\ncan clearly see that the types **are known** during the compile-time, which in\\nC++ could be easily resolved by templating the helper function.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## [Day 24: Blizzard Basin](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/24)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nNavigating your way through a basin with series of blizzards that move around\\nyou as you move.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nIt\'s second to last day and I went \u201c_bonkers_\u201d on the Rust :smile: Proceed to\\nread _Solution_ part on your own risk.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nYou are given a map with blizzards all over the place and you\'re supposed to\\nfind the minimum time it requires you to walk through the basin without getting\\nin any of the blizzards.\\n\\n#### Breakdown\\n\\nRelatively simple, yet a bit annoying, approach can be taken. It\'s technically\\na shortest-path algorithm implementation with some relaxation restrictions and\\nbeing able to stay on one position for some time, so each _vertex_ of the graph\\nis determined by the position on the map and the _timestamp_. I have chosen to\\nuse `Vector3D`, since `x` and `y` attributes can be used for the position\\nand, well, let\'s use `z` for a timestamp, cause why not, right? :wink:\\n\\n#### Evaluating the blizzards\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI think that this is the most perverted abuse of the traits in the whole 4 weeks\\nof AoC in Rust\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThe blizzards move along their respective directions in time and loop around in\\ntheir respective row/column. Each vertex holds position **and** time, so we can\\n_just_ index the basin with the vertex itself, right? Yes, we can :smiling_imp:\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nWhile writing this part, I\'ve recognized unnecessary verbosity in the code and\\ncleaned it up a bit. The changed version is shown here and the original was just\\nmore verbose.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI\'ll skip the boring parts of checking bounds and entry/exit of the basin :wink:\\nWe can easily calculate positions of the blizzards using a modular arithmetics:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index for Basin {\\n type Output = char;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Position) -> &Self::Output {\\n // \u2039skipped boring parts\u203a\\n\\n // We need to account for the loops of the blizzards\\n let width = self.cols - 2;\\n let height = self.rows - 2;\\n\\n let blizzard_origin = |size, d, t, i| ((i - 1 + size + d * (t % size)) % size + 1) as usize;\\n [\\n (\\n index.y() as usize,\\n blizzard_origin(width, -1, index.z(), index.x()),\\n \'>\',\\n ),\\n (\\n index.y() as usize,\\n blizzard_origin(width, 1, index.z(), index.x()),\\n \'<\',\\n ),\\n (\\n blizzard_origin(height, -1, index.z(), index.y()),\\n index.x() as usize,\\n \'v\',\\n ),\\n (\\n blizzard_origin(height, 1, index.z(), index.y()),\\n index.x() as usize,\\n \'^\',\\n ),\\n ]\\n .iter()\\n .find_map(|&(y, x, direction)| {\\n if self.map[y][x] == direction {\\n Some(&self.map[y][x])\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n .unwrap_or(&\'.\')\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAs you can see, there is an expression for calculating the original position and\\nit\'s used multiple times, so why not take it out to a lambda, right? :wink:\\n\\nI couldn\'t get the `rustfmt` to format the `for`-loop nicely, so I\'ve just\\ndecided to go with iterating over an elements of a slice. I have used, once\\nagain, a combination of two functions (`find_map` in this case) to do 2 things\\nat once and at the end, if we haven\'t found any blizzard, we just return the\\nempty space.\\n\\nI think it\'s a very _nice_ (and naughty) way how to use the `Index` trait, don\'t\\nyou think?\\n\\n#### Shortest-path algorithm\\n\\nFor the shortest path you can choose and adjust any of the common shortest-path\\nalgorithms, in my case, I have decided to use [_A\\\\*_] instead of Dijkstra\'s\\nalgorithm, since it better reflects the _cost_ function.\\n\\n:::info Comparison of costs\\n\\nWith the Dijkstra\'s algorithm I would proceed with the `time` attribute used as\\na priority for the queue.\\n\\nWhereas with the _A\\\\*_, I have chosen to use both time and Manhattan distance\\nthat promotes vertices closer to the exit **and** with a minimum time taken.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nCost function is, of course, a closure :wink:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet cost = |p: Position| p.z() as usize + exit.y().abs_diff(p.y()) + exit.x().abs_diff(p.x());\\n```\\n\\nAnd also for checking the possible moves from the current vertex, I have\\nimplemented, yet another, closure that yields an iterator with the next moves:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet next_positions = |p| {\\n [(0, 0, 1), (0, -1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (-1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1)]\\n .iter()\\n .filter_map(move |&(x, y, t)| {\\n let next_p = p + Vector3D::new(x, y, t);\\n\\n if basin[next_p] == \'.\' {\\n Some(next_p)\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n};\\n```\\n\\n#### Min-heap\\n\\nIn this case I had a need to use the priority queue taking the elements with the\\nlowest cost as the prioritized ones. Rust only offers you the [`BinaryHeap`] and\\nthat is a max-heap. One of the ways how to achieve a min-heap is to put the\\nelements in wrapped in a [`Reverse`] (as is even showed in the linked [docs of\\nthe `BinaryHeap`]). However the wrapping affects the type of the heap and also\\npopping the most prioritized elements yields values wrapped in the `Reverse`.\\n\\nFor this purpose I have just taken the max-heap and wrapped it as a whole in a\\nseparate structure providing just the desired methods:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse std::cmp::{Ord, Reverse};\\nuse std::collections::BinaryHeap;\\n\\npub struct MinHeap {\\n heap: BinaryHeap>,\\n}\\n\\nimpl MinHeap {\\n pub fn new() -> MinHeap {\\n MinHeap {\\n heap: BinaryHeap::new(),\\n }\\n }\\n\\n pub fn push(&mut self, item: T) {\\n self.heap.push(Reverse(item))\\n }\\n\\n pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option {\\n self.heap.pop().map(|Reverse(x)| x)\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl Default for MinHeap {\\n fn default() -> Self {\\n Self::new()\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nRest is just the algorithm implementation which is not that interesting.\\n\\n## [Day 25: Full of Hot Air](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/25)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nPlaying around with a numbers in a _special_ base.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nGetting flashbacks to the _IB111 Foundations of Programming_\u2026 Very nice \u201cproblem\u201d\\nwith a rather easy solution, as the last day always seems to be.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nImplementing 2 functions, converting from the _SNAFU base_ and back to the _SNAFU_\\n_base_ representation. Let\'s do a bit more though! I have implemented two functions:\\n\\n- `from_snafu`\\n- `to_snafu`\\n\\nNow it is apparent that all I do is number to string and string to number. Hmm\u2026\\nthat sounds familiar, doesn\'t it? Let\'s introduce a structure for the SNAFU numbers\\nand implement the traits that we need.\\n\\nLet\'s start with a structure:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]\\nstruct SNAFU {\\n value: i64,\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Converting from `&str`\\n\\nWe will start by implementing the `FromStr` trait that will help us parse our input.\\nThis is rather simple, I can just take the `from_snafu` function, copy-paste it\\ninto the `from_str` method and the number I get will be wrapped in `Result` and\\n`SNAFU` structure.\\n\\n#### Converting to `String`\\n\\nThis is more fun. In some cases you need to implement only one trait and others\\nare automatically implemented using that one trait. In our case, if you look in\\nthe documentation, you can see that `ToString` trait is automatically implemented\\nfor any type that implements `Display` trait.\\n\\nLet\'s implement the `Display` trait then. We should be able to use the `to_snafu`\\nfunction and just take the `self.value` from the `SNAFU` structure.\\n\\nAnd for the convenience of tests, we can also implement a rather simple `From`\\ntrait for the `SNAFU`.\\n\\n#### Adjusting the code\\n\\nAfter those changes we need to adjust the code and tests.\\n\\nParsing of the input is very easy, before we have used the lines, now we parse\\neverything:\\n\\n```diff\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input {\\n- file_to_lines(pathname)\\n+ file_to_structs(pathname)\\n }\\n```\\n\\nPart 1 needs to be adjusted a bit too:\\n\\n```diff\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n- to_snafu(input.iter().map(|s| from_snafu(s)).sum())\\n+ SNAFU::from(input.iter().map(|s| s.value).sum::()).to_string()\\n }\\n```\\n\\nYou can also see that it simplifies the meaning a bit and it is more explicit than\\nthe previous versions.\\n\\nAnd for the tests:\\n\\n```diff\\n #[test]\\n fn test_from() {\\n- for (n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n- assert_eq!(from_snafu(s), *n);\\n+ for (&n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n+ assert_eq!(s.parse::().unwrap().value, n);\\n }\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_to() {\\n- for (n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n- assert_eq!(to_snafu(*n), s.to_string());\\n+ for (&n, s) in EXAMPLES.iter() {\\n+ assert_eq!(SNAFU::from(n).to_string(), s.to_string());\\n }\\n```\\n\\n## Summary\\n\\nLet\'s wrap the whole thing up! Keeping in mind both AoC and the Rust\u2026\\n\\n![Finished advent calendar :smile:](/img/blog/aoc-2022/04-week-4/calendar.png)\\n\\n### Advent of Code\\n\\nThis year was quite fun, even though most of the solutions and posts came in\\nlater on (_cough_ in \'23 _cough_). Day 22 was the most obnoxious one\u2026 And also\\nit feels like I used priority queues and tree data structures **a lot** :eyes:\\n\\n### with Rust\\n\\nI must admit that a lot of compiler warnings and errors were very useful. Even\\nthough I still found some instances where they didn\'t help at all or cause even\\nworse issues than I had. Compilation times have been addressed with the caching.\\n\\nBuilding my first tree data structure in Rust has been a very \u201cinteresting\u201d\\njourney. Being able to write a more generic BFS algorithm that allows you to not\\nduplicate code while still mantaining the desired functionality contributes to\\na very readable code.\\n\\nI am definitely much more aware of the basic things that bloated Python is\\nmissing, yet Rust has them\u2026\\n\\nUsing explicit types and writing down placeholder functions with `todo!()`\\nmacros is very pleasant, since it allows you to easily navigate the type system\\nduring the development when you don\'t even need to be sure how are you going to\\nput the smaller pieces together.\\n\\nI have used a plethora of traits and also implemented some of them to either be\\nidiomatic, or exploit the syntactic sugar they offer. Deriving the default trait\\nimplementation is also very helpful in a lot of cases, e.g. debugging output,\\ncopying, equality comparison, etc.\\n\\nI confess to touching more \u201ccursed\u201d parts of the Rust, such as macros to\\ndeclutter the copy-paste for tests or writing my own structures that need to\\ncarry a lifetime for their own fields.\\n\\ntl;dr Relatively pleasant language until you hit brick wall :wink:\\n\\n---\\n\\nSee you next year! Maybe in Rust, maybe not :upside_down_face:\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[_a\\\\*_]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm\\n[`binaryheap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html\\n[`reverse`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cmp/struct.Reverse.html\\n[docs of the `binaryheap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BinaryHeap.html#min-heap"},{"id":"aoc-2022/3rd-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/03-week-3.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/03-week-3.md","title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving third week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-06T21:00:00.000Z","formattedDate":"July 6, 2023","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":11.57,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving third week in Rust.","date":"2023-07-06T21:00","slug":"aoc-2022/3rd-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"4th week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the third week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 15: Beacon Exclusion Zone](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/15)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nTriangulating a distress beacon based on the information from the sensors.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively easy thing to implement, no major Rust issues hit.\\n\\n## [Day 16: Proboscidea Volcanium](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/16)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding a max flow in a graph given some time constraints.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI have used some interesting things to implement this and make it easier for me.\\n\\n#### Indexing in graph\\n\\nI have come across a situation where I needed to keep more information regarding\\nthe graph\u2026 In that case you can, of course, create a structure and keep it in,\\nbut once you have multiple members in the structure it gets harder to work with\\nsince you need to address the fields in the structure. When you work with graph,\\nyou frequently need to access the vertices and in this case it felt a lot easier\\nto implement the indexing in a graph, rather than explicitly access the\\nunderlying data structure.\\n\\nHere you can see a rather short snippet from the solution that allows you to\\n\u201cindex\u201d the graph:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index<&str> for Graph {\\n type Output = Vertex;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: &str) -> &Self::Output {\\n &self.g[index]\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Cartesian product\\n\\nDuring the implementation I had to utilize Floyd-Warshall algorithm for finding\\nthe shortest path between pairs of vertices and utilized the `iproduct!` macro\\nfrom the [`itertools`]. It is a very useful higher-order function that allows\\nyou to keep the nesting of the loops at a minimum level while still maintaining\\nthe same functionality.\\n\\n#### \u201cImplementing\u201d an iterator\\n\\nFor the second part, you get to split the work between 2 actors. That way you\\ncan achieve higher efficiency of the whole process that you\'re planning, but it\\nalso makes it harder to evaluate algorithmically, since you need to check the\\ndifferent ways the work can be split.\\n\\nBeing affected by _functional programming brain damage_:tm:, I have chosen to\\ndo this part by function that returns an iterator over the possible ways:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn pairings(\\n valves: &BTreeSet,\\n) -> impl Iterator, BTreeSet)> + \'_ {\\n let mapping = valves.iter().collect_vec();\\n\\n let max_mask = 1 << (valves.len() - 1);\\n\\n (0..max_mask).map(move |mask| {\\n let mut elephant = BTreeSet::new();\\n let mut human = BTreeSet::new();\\n\\n for (i, &v) in mapping.iter().enumerate() {\\n if (mask & (1 << i)) == 0 {\\n human.insert(v.clone());\\n } else {\\n elephant.insert(v.clone());\\n }\\n }\\n\\n (human, elephant)\\n })\\n}\\n```\\n\\n## [Day 17: Pyroclastic Flow](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/17)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulating an autonomous Tetris where pieces get affected by a series of jets of\\nhot gas.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nSimilarly to the previous day I have created some iterators :smile:\\n\\n#### Collision detection\\n\\nOnce you need to check for collisions it is very helpful to be able to just\\niterate through the positions that can actually collide with the wall or other\\npiece.\\n\\nTo get the desired behaviour, you can just compose few smaller functions:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn occupied(shape: &[Vec]) -> impl Iterator + \'_ {\\n shape.iter().enumerate().flat_map(|(y, row)| {\\n row.iter().enumerate().filter_map(move |(x, c)| {\\n if c == &\'#\' {\\n Some(Vector2D::new(x as isize, y as isize))\\n } else {\\n None\\n }\\n })\\n })\\n}\\n```\\n\\nIn the end, we get relative positions which we can adjust later when given the\\nspecific positions from iterator. You can see some interesting parts in this:\\n\\n- `.enumerate()` allows us to get both the indices (coordinates) and the line\\n or, later on, the character itself,\\n- `.flat_map()` flattens the iterator, i.e. when we return another iterator,\\n they just get chained instead of iterating over iterators (which sounds pretty\\n disturbing, doesn\'t it?),\\n- and finally `.filter_map()` which is pretty similar to the \u201cbasic\u201d `.map()`\\n with a one, key, difference that it expects the items of an iterator to be\\n mapped to an `Option` from which it ignores nothing (as in `None` :wink:)\\n and also unwraps the values from `Some(\u2026)`.\\n\\n#### Infinite iterator\\n\\nIn the solution we cycle through both Tetris-like shapes that fall down and the\\njets that move our pieces around. Initially I have implemented my own infinite\\niterator that just yields the indices. It is a very simple, yet powerful, piece\\nof code:\\n\\n```rust\\nstruct InfiniteIndex {\\n size: usize,\\n i: usize,\\n}\\n\\nimpl InfiniteIndex {\\n fn new(size: usize) -> InfiniteIndex {\\n InfiniteIndex { size, i: size - 1 }\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl Iterator for InfiniteIndex {\\n type Item = usize;\\n\\n fn next(&mut self) -> Option {\\n self.i = (self.i + 1) % self.size;\\n Some(self.i)\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nHowever when I\'m looking at the code now, it doesn\'t really make much sense\u2026\\nGuess what, we can use a built-in function that is implemented on iterators for\\nthat! The function is called `.cycle()`\\n\\nOn the other hand, I am not going to switch to that function, since it would\\nintroduce an another myriad of issues caused by the fact that I create iterators\\nright away in the constructor of my structure and the iterators would borrow\\nboth the jets and shapes which would introduce a lifetime dependency into the\\nstructure.\\n\\n## [Day 18: Boiling Boulders](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/18)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s compute a surface area of some obsidian approximated via coordinates of\\ncubes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThis day is kinda interesting, because it shows how easily you can complicate the\\nproblem and also how much can you screw yourself over with the optimization and\\n\u201csmart\u201d approach.\\n\\nFor the first part you need to find the surface area of an obsidian that is\\napproximated by cubes. Now, that is a very easy thing to do, just keep the track\\nof already added cubes, and check if the newly added cube touches any face of any\\nother cube. Simple, and with a `BTreeSet` relatively efficient way to do it.\\n\\nHowever the second part lets you on a secret that there may be some surface area\\nfrom the \u201cinside\u201d too and you want to know only the one from the outside of the\\nobsidian. I have seen some solutions later, but if you check your data, you might\\nnotice that the bounding box of all the cubes isn\'t that big at all. Therefore I\\nchose to pre-construct the box beforehand, fill in the cubes and then just run a\\nBFS turning all the lava on the outside into the air. Now you just need to check\\ncubes and count how many of their faces touch the air.\\n\\n## [Day 19: Not Enough Minerals](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/19)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding out the best strategy for building robots to collect geodes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nNot much interesting stuff to mention apart from the suggestion to never believe\\nthat the default implementation given by `derive` macro is what you want, it\\ndoesn\'t have to be. :smile:\\n\\n## [Day 20: Grove Positioning System](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/20)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nShuffling around the _circular linked list_ to find the coordinates.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNow, small rant for this day is in place. They\'ve never mentioned that coordinates\\ncan repeat and therefore the values are non-unique. This is something that did\\nnot happen in the given sample, but was present in the user input. It took \xbba lot\xab\\nto realize that this is the issue.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI have tried implementing a circular linked list for this\u2026 and I have failed\\nmiserably. To be fair, I still have no clue why. It was \u201cfun\u201d to play around with\\nthe `Rc>`. In the end I failed on _wrong answer_. I have also encountered\\na rather interesting issue with `.borrow_mut()` method being used on `Rc>`.\\n\\n#### `.borrow_mut()`\\n\\nConsider the following snippet of the code (taken from the documentation):\\n\\n```rust\\nuse std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};\\nuse std::collections::HashMap;\\nuse std::rc::Rc;\\n// use std::borrow::BorrowMut;\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let shared_map: Rc> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::new()));\\n // Create a new block to limit the scope of the dynamic borrow\\n {\\n let mut map: RefMut<_> = shared_map.borrow_mut();\\n map.insert(\\"africa\\", 92388);\\n map.insert(\\"kyoto\\", 11837);\\n map.insert(\\"piccadilly\\", 11826);\\n map.insert(\\"marbles\\", 38);\\n }\\n\\n // Note that if we had not let the previous borrow of the cache fall out\\n // of scope then the subsequent borrow would cause a dynamic thread panic.\\n // This is the major hazard of using `RefCell`.\\n let total: i32 = shared_map.borrow().values().sum();\\n println!(\\"{total}\\");\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe allocate a hash map on the heap and then in the inner block, we borrow it as\\na mutable reference, so that we can use it.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIt is a very primitive example for `Rc>` and mutable borrow.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIf you uncomment the 4th line with `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;`, you cannot\\ncompile the code anymore, because of\\n\\n```\\n Compiling playground v0.0.1 (/playground)\\nerror[E0308]: mismatched types\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:10:34\\n |\\n10 | let mut map: RefMut<_> = shared_map.borrow_mut();\\n | --------- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ expected struct `RefMut`, found mutable reference\\n | |\\n | expected due to this\\n |\\n = note: expected struct `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n found mutable reference `&mut Rc>>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:11:13\\n |\\n11 | map.insert(\\"africa\\", 92388);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:12:13\\n |\\n12 | map.insert(\\"kyoto\\", 11837);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:13:13\\n |\\n13 | map.insert(\\"piccadilly\\", 11826);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nerror[E0599]: no method named `insert` found for struct `RefMut<\'_, _>` in the current scope\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:14:13\\n |\\n14 | map.insert(\\"marbles\\", 38);\\n | ^^^^^^ method not found in `RefMut<\'_, _>`\\n\\nSome errors have detailed explanations: E0308, E0599.\\nFor more information about an error, try `rustc --explain E0308`.\\nerror: could not compile `playground` due to 5 previous errors\\n```\\n\\nIt might seem **a bit** ridiculous. However, I got to a point where the compiler\\nsuggested `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;` and it resulted in breaking parts of the\\ncode that worked previously. I think it may be a good idea to go over what is\\nhappening here.\\n\\n##### `.borrow_mut()` on `Rc>`\\n\\nLet\'s consider a variable `x` of type `Rc>`. What happens when you\\ncall `.borrow_mut()` on it? We can look at the `Rc` type, and\u2026 hang on! There is\\nneither `.borrow_mut()` method or `BorrowMut` trait implemented. How can we do it\\nthen?\\n\\nLet\'s go further and we can see that `RefCell` implements a `.borrow_mut()`\\nmethod. OK, but how can we call it on the `Rc`? Easily! `Rc` implements\\n`Deref` and therefore you can call methods on `Rc` objects as if they were\\n`T` objects. If we read on _`Deref` coercion_, we can see the following:\\n\\n> If `T` implements `Deref`, \u2026:\\n>\\n> - \u2026\\n> - `T` implicitly implements all the (immutable) methods of the type `U`.\\n\\nWhat is the requirement for the `.borrow_mut()` on `RefCell`? Well, it needs\\n`&self`, so the `Deref` implements the `.borrow_mut()` for the `Rc>`.\\n\\n##### `BorrowMut` trait\\n\\nI have not been able to find a lot on this trait. My guess is that it provides a\\nmethod instead of a syntactic sugar (`&mut x`) for the mutable borrow. And also\\nit provides default implementations for the types:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl BorrowMut for String\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for &mut T\\nwhere\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for T\\nwhere\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut<[T]> for Vec\\nwhere\\n A: Allocator,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut for Box\\nwhere\\n A: Allocator,\\n T: ?Sized,\\n\\nimpl BorrowMut<[T]> for [T; N]\\n```\\n\\n##### Conflict\\n\\nNow the question is why did it break the code\u2026 My first take was that the type\\n`Rc>` has some _specialized_ implementation of the `.borrow_mut()` and\\nthe `use` overrides it with the default, which is true **in a sense**. However\\nthere is no _specialized_ implementation. Let\'s have a look at the trait and the\\ntype signature on the `RefCell`:\\n\\n```rust\\n// trait\\npub trait BorrowMut: Borrow\\nwhere\\n Borrowed: ?Sized,\\n{\\n fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Borrowed;\\n}\\n\\n// \u2039RefCell.borrow_mut()\u203a type signature\\npub fn borrow_mut(&self) -> RefMut<\'_, T>\\n```\\n\\nI think that we can definitely agree on the fact that `RefMut<\'_, T>` is not the\\n`RefCell`.\\n\\n**In my opinion**, `RefCell` implements a **separate** `.borrow_mut()` rather\\nthan implementing the interface, because it **cannot** satisfy the type requirements\\nof the trait.\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI wonder how are we expected to deal with this conflict, if and when, we need\\nboth the `.borrow_mut()` of the trait and `.borrow_mut()` of the `RefCell`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nI was suggested by the compiler to do `use std::borrow::BorrowMut;` and break the\\ncode.\\n\\nSo much for the _almighty_ and _helpful_ compiler\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\n## [Day 21: Monkey Math](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/21)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nComputing an expression tree and then also finding ideal value for a node.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively simple, until you get to the 2nd part where you start to practice\\na lot of the copy-paste. I have managed to sneak some perverted stuff in there\\nthough :) Let\'s go through the details.\\n\\n#### `Default` trait\\n\\nFor the first time and twice I had a need to have a default value for my types,\\nenumerations in this case. Rust offers a very nice trait[^1] that is described\\nas:\\n\\n> A trait for giving a type a useful default value.\\n\\nI guess it sums it up nicely. The more interesting part about this is the fact\\nthat you can use the _macro machinery_ to save yourself some typing. If you have\\nenumeration of which the default value doesn\'t bear any parameter, you can just\\ndo[^2]:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[derive(Default)]\\nenum Color {\\n #[default]\\n White,\\n Gray,\\n Black,\\n}\\n```\\n\\n#### Abusing negation\\n\\nIf you want to use a _unary minus_ operator on your own type, you can implement\\na `Neg` trait[^3]. I was dealing with a binary tree and needed a way how to look\\nat the other side, so I have just implemented the negation for flipping between\\nleft and right :smile:\\n\\n[^1]: [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) docs\\n[^2]: Pardon my example from the graph algorithms ;)\\n[^3]: [`Neg`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Neg.html) docs\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[`itertools`]: https://crates.io/crates/itertools\\n[this reddit post and the comment]: https://www.reddit.com/r/adventofcode/comments/zb98pn/comment/iyq0ono"},{"id":"leetcode/sort-diagonally","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally.md","source":"@site/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally.md","title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","description":"Compiler assisted development.","date":"2023-03-04T23:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"March 4, 2023","tags":[{"label":"cpp","permalink":"/blog/tags/cpp"},{"label":"leetcode","permalink":"/blog/tags/leetcode"},{"label":"iterators","permalink":"/blog/tags/iterators"}],"readingTime":16.99,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","description":"Compiler assisted development.","date":"2023-03-04T23:15","slug":"leetcode/sort-diagonally","authors":"mf","tags":["cpp","leetcode","iterators"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"3rd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week"}},"content":"Let\'s try to solve one of the LeetCode challenges in easy and hard mode at the\\nsame time.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n- Link to the problem: https://leetcode.com/problems/sort-the-matrix-diagonally/\\n\\n## Problem description\\n\\nA **matrix diagonal** is a diagonal line of cells starting from some cell in\\neither the topmost row or leftmost column and going in the bottom-right direction\\nuntil reaching the matrix\'s end. For example, the **matrix diagonal** starting\\nfrom `mat[2][0]`, where `mat` is a `6 x 3` matrix, includes cells `mat[2][0]`,\\n`mat[3][1]`, and `mat[4][2]`.\\n\\nGiven an `m x n` matrix `mat` of integers, sort each matrix diagonal in ascending\\norder and return the resulting matrix.\\n\\n### Example\\n\\n![Image describing the problem](https://assets.leetcode.com/uploads/2020/01/21/1482_example_1_2.png)\\n\\n## Skeleton and initial adjustments\\n\\nWe are given the following skeleton for the C++ and the given challenge:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass Solution {\\npublic:\\n vector> diagonalSort(vector>& mat) {\\n\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nThe task is to sort the passed matrix diagonally and then return it. First of all,\\nI don\'t like to solve this in a web browser, so we\'ll need to adjust it accordingly\\nfor running it locally. We\'ll start by including the `vector` header and using\\nfully-qualified namespaces[^1] and also adding few tests:\\n\\n```cpp\\n#include \\n#include \\n\\nusing matrix = std::vector>;\\n\\nclass Solution {\\npublic:\\n matrix diagonalSort(matrix& mat)\\n {\\n }\\n};\\n\\nstatic void test_case_1()\\n{\\n // Input: mat = [[3,3,1,1],[2,2,1,2],[1,1,1,2]]\\n // Output: [[1,1,1,1],[1,2,2,2],[1,2,3,3]]\\n\\n Solution s;\\n assert((s.diagonalSort(std::vector { std::vector { 3, 3, 1, 1 },\\n std::vector { 2, 2, 1, 2 },\\n std::vector { 1, 1, 1, 2 } })\\n == std::vector { std::vector { 1, 1, 1, 1 },\\n std::vector { 1, 2, 2, 2 },\\n std::vector { 1, 2, 3, 3 } }));\\n}\\n\\nstatic void test_case_2()\\n{\\n // Input: mat =\\n // [[11,25,66,1,69,7],[23,55,17,45,15,52],[75,31,36,44,58,8],[22,27,33,25,68,4],[84,28,14,11,5,50]]\\n // Output:\\n // [[5,17,4,1,52,7],[11,11,25,45,8,69],[14,23,25,44,58,15],[22,27,31,36,50,66],[84,28,75,33,55,68]]\\n\\n Solution s;\\n assert((s.diagonalSort(std::vector { std::vector { 11, 25, 66, 1, 69, 7 },\\n std::vector { 23, 55, 17, 45, 15, 52 },\\n std::vector { 75, 31, 36, 44, 58, 8 },\\n std::vector { 22, 27, 33, 25, 68, 4 },\\n std::vector { 84, 28, 14, 11, 5, 50 } })\\n == std::vector { std::vector { 5, 17, 4, 1, 52, 7 },\\n std::vector { 11, 11, 25, 45, 8, 69 },\\n std::vector { 14, 23, 25, 44, 58, 15 },\\n std::vector { 22, 27, 31, 36, 50, 66 },\\n std::vector { 84, 28, 75, 33, 55, 68 } }));\\n}\\n\\nint main()\\n{\\n test_case_1();\\n test_case_2();\\n\\n return 0;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe need to return the matrix, but we\'re given a reference to the input matrix. We\\ncan easily abuse the C++ here and just switch the reference to value, this way\\nthe matrix will be copied when passed to the function, we can sort the copy and\\njust return it back. And we also get yelled by the compiler for the fact that the\\nmethod doesn\'t return anything yet, so to make it \u201cshut up\u201d we will just return\\nthe input for now:\\n\\n```diff\\n- matrix diagonalSort(matrix& mat)\\n+ matrix diagonalSort(matrix mat)\\n {\\n+ return mat;\\n }\\n```\\n\\nNow, we get the copy and we\'re good to go.\\n\\n## Na\xefve solution\\n\\nAs you may know, C++ offers a plethora of functions that can be used to your\\nadvantage, given that you know how to \u201cbend\u201d the data structures accordingly.\\n\\nWhat does that mean for us? Well, we have an `std::sort`, we can use it, right?\\nLet\'s have a look at it:\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate< class RandomIt >\\nvoid sort( RandomIt first, RandomIt last );\\n```\\n\\nThis overload is more than we need. What does it do? It just sorts the elements\\nin the range `[first, last)` using `operator<` on them. We can\'t sort the whole\\nmatrix using this, but\u2026 we can sort just \xbbone\xab diagonal without doing much work\\non our end.\\n\\nWhat is the `RandomIt` type though? If we look more into the documentation, we\\ncan easily find the requirements for it and also learn that it\'s a _random access_\\n_iterator_ and allows swapping its values at the same time.\\n\\n:::tip Random access iterator\\n\\nWhat is the _random access iterator_ though? We can find it in a documentation\\nand see the following description:\\n\\n> A **LegacyRandomAccessIterator** is a [LegacyBidirectionalIterator](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/BidirectionalIterator)\\n> that can be moved to point to any element in constant time.\\n\\nAfter that we can see all the requirements for it being listed. I don\'t feel like\\nreading them right now, so we will just use it and see where the compilation blows\\nup, i.e. \u201c_compiler-assisted development_\u201d[^2] if you will ;)\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNow we know that we can use `std::sort` to sort the diagonal itself, but we also\\nneed to get the diagonals somehow. I\'m rather lazy, so I\'ll just delegate it to\\nsomeone else[^3]. And that way we get\\n\\n```cpp\\nmatrix diagonalSort(matrix mat)\\n{\\n // we iterate over the diagonals\\n for (auto d : diagonals(mat)) {\\n // and we sort each diagonal\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n }\\n\\n // we take the matrix by copy, so we can sort in-situ and return the copy\\n // that we sorted\\n return mat;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis solution looks very simple, doesn\'t it? Well, cause it is.\\nLet\'s try compiling it:\\n\\n```\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:11:23: error: use of undeclared identifier \'diagonals\' [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n for (auto d : diagonals(mat)) {\\n ^\\nFound compiler error(s).\\nmake: *** [makefile:14: tidy] Error 1\\n```\\n\\nOK, seems about right. We haven\'t implemented the `diagonals` yet. And based on\\nwhat we\'ve written so far, we need a function or a class `diagonals` that will\\ngive us the diagonals we need.\\n\\n## Implementing the `diagonals`\\n\\nCool, so we need the function that will let us go through each and every diagonal\\nin our matrix. We use the _for-range_ loop, so whatever we get back from the\\n`diagonals` must support `.begin()` and `.end()`. Since I am a masochist, we will\\ndo such functionality for a matrix of any type, not just the `int` from the challenge.\\n\\nAs I said, we need to be able to\\n\\n- construct the object\\n- get the beginning\\n- get the end (the \u201csentinel\u201d)\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate \\nclass diagonals {\\n using matrix_t = std::vector>;\\n\\n matrix_t& _matrix;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals(matrix_t& m)\\n : _matrix(m)\\n {\\n }\\n diagonals_iter begin()\\n {\\n /* TODO */\\n }\\n diagonals_iter end()\\n {\\n /* TODO */\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nNow we have a `diagonals` that we can use to go through the diagonals. We haven\'t\\nimplemented the core of it yet. Let\'s go through what we have for now.\\n\\nWe have a templated class with templated `T` that is used as a placeholder for any\\ntype we would store in the matrix. Because I\'m lazy, I have defined the `matrix_t`\\ntype that is a \u201cshortcut\u201d for `std::vector>`, so I don\'t have to\\ntype it out all the time. Of course, we need to store the matrix, we are given,\\nas a private attribute. And then just have the constructor and the 2 methods we\\nneed for the _for-range_.\\n\\n### Iterating over diagonals\\n\\nNow that we have an object that will allow us to iterate through the diagonals,\\nwe need to implement the iterating itself. We need to go through all of them, so\\nwe have multiple options how to do so. I have decided to start from the \u201cmain\u201d\\ndiagonal that starts at `(0, 0)` index and then proceed with the diagonals starting\\nin the first row, followed by the rest of the diagonals in the first column.\\n\\nWe need to be able to tell that we\'ve iterated through all of them, and also we\\nneed to know which diagonal is next. For that purpose we will pass the indices\\nof the first cell on the diagonal. That way we can always tell how to move forward.\\n\\nWe will start by updating the `begin` and `end` to reflect our choice accordingly.\\n\\n```cpp\\ndiagonals_iter begin() { return diagonals_iter { _matrix, 0, 0 }; }\\ndiagonals_iter end() { return diagonals_iter { _matrix, 0, _matrix.size() }; }\\n```\\n\\nFor the `begin` we return the first diagonal that starts at `(0, 0)`. And because\\nwe have decided to do the diagonals in the first column at the end, the first\\ndiagonal that is not a valid one is the one at `(0, height)`. Apart from the\\nindices, we also need to pass reference to the matrix itself.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nYou may have noticed that we also include the diagonals that have length 1,\\nspecifically the ones at `(0, height - 1)` and `(width - 1, 0)`. We are implementing\\nan iterator that **should not** care about the way it\'s being used. Therefore, we\\ndon\'t care about the fact they don\'t need to be sorted.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nCool, let\'s leave the iterator itself to someone else, right?[^4]\\n\\n### Implementing the iterator over diagonals\\n\\nWe can start with a simple skeleton based on the information that we pass from\\nthe `diagonals`. Also to utilize the `matrix_t` and also contain implementation\\ndetails hidden away, we will put this code into the `diagonals` class.\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonals_iter {\\n matrix_t& m;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals_iter(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nIn this case we will be implementing a \u201csimple\u201d forward iterator, so we don\'t\\nneed to implement a lot. Notably it will be:\\n\\n- inequality operator (we need to know when we reach the end and have nothing to\\n iterate over)\\n- preincrementation operator (we need to be able to move around the iterable)\\n- dereference operator (we need to be able to retrieve the objects we iterate\\n over)\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonals_iter {\\n matrix_t& m;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonals_iter(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator!=(const diagonals_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n // iterators are not equal if they reference different matrices, or\\n // their positions differ\\n return m != rhs.m || x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y;\\n }\\n\\n diagonals_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n if (y != 0) {\\n // iterating through diagonals down the first column\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n // iterating the diagonals along the first row\\n x++;\\n if (x == m.front().size()) {\\n // switching to diagonals in the first column\\n x = 0;\\n y++;\\n }\\n\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal operator*() const { return diagonal { m, x, y }; }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s go one-by-one. Inequality operator is rather simple, just compare iterator\'s\\nattributes field-by-field. If you think about it, checking inequality of two 2D\\nvectors may be a bit inefficient, therefore, we can swap around and check it as\\na last thing.\\n\\n```diff\\n- return m != rhs.m || x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y;\\n+ return x != rhs.x || y != rhs.y || m != rhs.m;\\n```\\n\\nPreincrementation is where the magic happens. If you have a better look, you can\\nsee two branches of this operation:\\n\\n1. When `y != 0` (we\'re iterating over the diagonals in the first column)\\n In this case, we just bump the row and we\'re done.\\n2. When `y == 0` (we\'re iterating over the diagonals in the first row)\\n In this case, we bump the column and check if we haven\'t gotten out of bounds,\\n i.e. the end of the first row. If we get out of the bounds, we\'re continuing\\n with the second diagonal in the first column.\\n\\nDereferencing the iterator must \u201cyield\u201d something. In our case it will be the\\ndiagonal that we want to sort. For sorting we need just the iterators that can\\nmove around said diagonal. The simplest thing, we can do, is to delegate it to\\nsomething else. In our case it will be a class called `diagonal`.\\n\\n## Implementing the `diagonal` itself\\n\\nAfter implementing the iterator over diagonals, we know that all we need to describe\\na diagonal is the matrix itself and the \u201cstart\u201d of the diagonal (row and column).\\nAnd we also know that the diagonal must provide some iterators for the `std::sort`\\nfunction. We can start with the following skeleton:\\n\\n```cpp\\ntemplate \\nclass diagonal {\\n using matrix_t = std::vector>;\\n\\n matrix_t& matrix;\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n diagonal(matrix_t& matrix, std::size_t x, std::size_t y)\\n : matrix(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter begin() const { return diagonal_iter { matrix, x, y }; }\\n\\n diagonal_iter end() const\\n {\\n auto max_x = matrix[y].size();\\n auto max_y = matrix.size();\\n\\n // we need to find the distance in which we get out of bounds (either in\\n // column or row)\\n auto steps = std::min(max_x - x, max_y - y);\\n\\n return diagonal_iter { matrix, x + steps, y + steps };\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nInitialization is rather simple, we just \u201ckeep\u201d the stuff we get, `begin` is the\\nsimplest, we just delegate.\\n\\nIn case of the `end`, it gets more complicated. We need to know where is the \u201cend\u201d\\nof the diagonal. Since `end` should point to the first element \u201cafter\u201d the iterable,\\nwe know that it\'s the first position of the iterator where either `y` becomes\\n`matrix.size()` or `x` becomes `matrix[y].size()`. Also we are moving along diagonal,\\nduh, therefore we can deduce the first \u201cposition\u201d afterwards by minimal amount of\\nsteps to get out of the any column or row, hence `std::min(max_x - x, max_y - y)`.\\nFinal position is then computed simply by adding the steps to the beginning of\\nthe diagonal.\\n\\nNow we just need to finish the iterator for the diagonal itself and we\'re done.\\n\\n### Implementing `diagonal_iter`\\n\\nThis part is the hardest from all we need to do. It\'s because of the requirements\\nof the `std::sort` that requires us to implement a _random access iterator_. I have\\nbriefly described it above, and \u201cin a nutshell\u201d it means that we need to implement\\nan iterator that can move in constant time along the diagonal in any amount of\\nsteps.\\n\\nLet\'s go through all of the functionality that our iterator needs to support to\\nbe used in `std::sort`. We need the usual operations like:\\n\\n- equality/inequality\\n- incrementation\\n- dereferencing\\n\\nWe will also add all the types that our iterator uses with the category of the\\niterator, i.e. what interface it supports:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonal_iter {\\n // we need to keep reference to the matrix itself\\n matrix_t& m;\\n\\n // we need to be able to tell our current position\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;\\n using value_type = T;\\n using pointer = T*;\\n using reference = T&;\\n using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;\\n\\n diagonal_iter(matrix_t& matrix,\\n std::size_t x,\\n std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator==(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n // we are moving along the diagonal, so we increment both \u2039x\u203a and \u2039y\u203a at\\n // the same time\\n x++;\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nThis is pretty similar to the previous iterator, but now we need to implement the\\nremaining requirements of the _random access iterator_. Let\'s see what those are:\\n\\n- decrementation - cause we need to be able to move backwards too, since _random _\\n _access iterator_ extends the interface of _bidirectional iterator_\\n- moving the iterator in either direction by steps given as an integer\\n- being able to tell the distance between two iterators\\n- define an ordering on the iterators\\n\\nLet\'s fill them in:\\n\\n```cpp\\nclass diagonal_iter {\\n // we need to keep reference to the matrix itself\\n matrix_t& m;\\n\\n // we need to be able to tell our current position\\n std::size_t x;\\n std::size_t y;\\n\\npublic:\\n using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;\\n using value_type = T;\\n using pointer = T*;\\n using reference = T&;\\n using iterator_category = std::random_access_iterator_tag;\\n\\n diagonal_iter(matrix_t& matrix,\\n std::size_t x,\\n std::size_t y)\\n : m(matrix)\\n , x(x)\\n , y(y)\\n {\\n }\\n\\n bool operator==(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n }\\n\\n diagonal_iter& operator++()\\n {\\n // we are moving along the diagonal, so we increment both \u2039x\u203a and \u2039y\u203a at\\n // the same time\\n x++;\\n y++;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n\\n // exactly opposite to the incrementation\\n diagonal_iter operator--()\\n {\\n x--;\\n y--;\\n return *this;\\n }\\n\\n // moving \u2039n\u203a steps back is same as calling decrementation \u2039n\u203a-times, so we\\n // can just return a new iterator and subtract \u2039n\u203a from both coordinates in\\n // the matrix\\n diagonal_iter operator-(difference_type n) const\\n {\\n return diagonal_iter { m, x - n, y - n };\\n }\\n\\n // here we assume that we are given two iterators on the same diagonal\\n difference_type operator-(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n assert(m == rhs.m);\\n return x - rhs.x;\\n }\\n\\n // counterpart of moving \u2039n\u203a steps backwards\\n diagonal_iter operator+(difference_type n) const\\n {\\n return diagonal_iter { m, x + n, y + n };\\n }\\n\\n // we compare the coordinates, and also assume that those 2 iterators are\\n // lying on the same diagonal\\n bool operator<(const diagonal_iter& rhs) const\\n {\\n assert(m == rhs.m);\\n return x < rhs.x && y < rhs.y;\\n }\\n};\\n```\\n\\nAt this point we could probably try and compile it, right? If we do so, we will\\nget yelled at by a compiler for the following reasons:\\n\\n```\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1792:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n __last = __next;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1817:11: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__unguarded_linear_insert::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__unguarded_linear_insert(__i,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1849:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__insertion_sort(__first, __first + int(_S_threshold), __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1940:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__final_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1830:2: error: no matching function for call to \'__unguarded_linear_insert\' [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n std::__unguarded_linear_insert(__i,\\n ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1850:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__unguarded_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__unguarded_insertion_sort(__first + int(_S_threshold), __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1940:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__final_insertion_sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__final_insertion_sort(__first, __last, __comp);\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1782:5: note: candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _RandomAccessIterator = diagonal::diagonal_iter, _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Val_less_iter]\\n __unguarded_linear_insert(_RandomAccessIterator __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1923:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n __last = __cut;\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1937:9: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__introsort_loop::diagonal_iter, long, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__introsort_loop(__first, __last,\\n ^\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:4820:12: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::__sort::diagonal_iter, __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter>\' requested here\\n std::__sort(__first, __last, __gnu_cxx::__ops::__iter_less_iter());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:161:18: note: in instantiation of function template specialization \'std::sort::diagonal_iter>\' requested here\\n std::sort(d.begin(), d.end());\\n ^\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n```\\n\\nThat\'s a lot of noise, isn\'t it? Let\'s focus on the important parts:\\n\\n```\\n/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/12/../../../../include/c++/12/bits/stl_algo.h:1792:11: error: object of type \'diagonal::diagonal_iter\' cannot be assigned because its copy assignment operator is implicitly deleted [clang-diagnostic-error]\\n\u2026\\nmatrix-sort.cpp:17:19: note: copy assignment operator of \'diagonal_iter\' is implicitly deleted because field \'m\' is of reference type \'diagonal::matrix_t &\' (aka \'vector> &\')\\n matrix_t& m;\\n ^\\n```\\n\\nAh! We have a reference in our iterator, and this prevents us from having a copy\\nassignment operator (that is used \u201csomewhere\u201d in the sorting algorithm). Well\u2026\\nLet\'s just wrap it!\\n\\n```diff\\n# we need to keep a different type than reference\\n- matrix_t& m;\\n+ std::reference_wrapper m;\\n\\n# in comparison we need to get the reference out of the wrapper first\\n- return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m == rhs.m;\\n+ return x == rhs.x && y == rhs.y && m.get() == rhs.m.get();\\n\\n# same when we return a reference to the \u201ccell\u201d in the matrix\\n- reference operator*() const { return m[y][x]; }\\n+ reference operator*() const { return m.get()[y][x]; }\\n\\n# and finally in the assertions that we set for the \u201cdistance\u201d and \u201cless than\u201d\\n- assert(m == rhs.m);\\n+ assert(m.get() == rhs.m.get());\\n```\\n\\nWe\'re done now! We have written an iterator over diagonals for a 2D `vector`. You can have a look at the final result [here](pathname:///files/blog/leetcode/sort-matrix-diagonally/matrix-sort.cpp).\\n\\n[^1]: just because I\'m used to it and don\'t care about your opinion ;)\\n[^2]: exercise at your own risk\\n[^3]: me in 5 minutes in fact, but don\'t make me scared\\n[^4]: me in the next section\u2026"},{"id":"aoc-2022/2nd-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/02-week-2.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/02-week-2.md","title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving second week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-25T23:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 25, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":20.875,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving second week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-25T23:15","slug":"aoc-2022/2nd-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"Sort the matrix diagonally","permalink":"/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally"},"nextItem":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the second week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## [Day 8: Treetop Tree House](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/8)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nWe get a forest and we want to know how many trees are visible from the outside.\\nApart from that we want to find the best view.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nNothing interesting. We are moving around 2D map though. And indexing can get a\\nbit painful when doing so, let\'s refactor it a bit ;) During the preparation for\\nthe AoC, I have written `Vector2D` and now it\'s time to extend it with indexing\\nof `Vec` of `Vec`s. In my solution I was manipulating with indices in the following\\nway:\\n\\n- swapping them\\n- checking whether they are correct indices for the `Vec>`\\n- indexing `Vec>` with them\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nI\'m getting familiar with Rust and starting to \u201cabuse\u201d it\u2026 While doing so, I\'m\\nalso uncovering some \u201cfeatures\u201d that I don\'t really like. Therefore I will mark\\nall of my rants with _thicc_ **\xab\u21af\xbb** mark and will try to \u201clock\u201d them into their\\nown \u201cbox of hell\u201d.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n#### Swapping indices\\n\\nRelatively simple implementation, just take the values, swap them and return new\\nvector.\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Vector2D {\\n pub fn swap(&self) -> Self {\\n Self {\\n x: self.y,\\n y: self.x,\\n }\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nPretty straight-forward implementation, but let\'s talk about the `T: Copy`. We\\nneed to use it, since we are returning a **new** vector, with swapped **values**.\\nIf we had values that cannot be copied, the only thing we could do, would be a\\nvector of references (and it would also introduce a lifetime, to which we\'ll get\\nlater on). This is pretty similar with the operations on sets from the first week.\\n\\n#### Indexing `Vec`\\n\\nI will start with the indexing, cause bound-checking is a bit more\u2026 complicated\\nthan I would like to.\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index<\'a, T, U>(v: &\'a [Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a U\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s talk about this mess\u2026 Body of the function is probably the most easy part\\nand should not be hard to understand, we just take the `x` and `y` and convert\\nthem both to `usize` type that can be used later on for indexing.\\n\\nThe type signature of the function is where the fun is at :wink: We are trying\\nto convert unknown type to `usize`, so we must bound the `T` as a type that can\\nbe converted to `usize`, that\'s how we got `usize: TryFrom` which basically\\nsays that `usize` must implement `TryFrom` trait and therefore allows us to\\nconvert the indices to actual `usize` indices. Using `.unwrap()` also forces us\\nto bound the error that can occur when converting `T` into `usize`, that\'s how\\nwe get `>::Error: Debug` which loosely means\\n\\n> error during conversion of `T` into `usize` must implement `Debug`,\\n> i.e. can be printed in some way or other\\n\\n`T: Copy` is required by `.try_into()` which takes `T` by-value.\\n\\nAnd now we are left only with the first line of the definition.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nSkilled Rustaceans might notice that this implementation is rather flaky and can\\nbreak in multiple places at once. I\'ll get back to it\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nLet\'s split it in multiple parts:\\n\\n- `v: &\'a [Vec]` represents the 2D `Vec`, we are indexing, `Vec` implements\\n `Slice` trait and _clippy_ recommends using `&[T]` to `&Vec`, exact details\\n are unknown to me\\n- `idx: &Vector2D` represents the _indices_ which we use, we take them by\\n reference to avoid an unnecessary copy\\n- `-> &\'a U` means that we are returning a _reference_ to some value of type `U`.\\n Now the question is what does the `\'a` mean, we can also see it as a generic\\n type declared along `T` and `U`. And the answer is _relatively_ simple, `\'a`\\n represents a _lifetime_. We take the `v` by a reference and return a reference,\\n borrow checker validates all of the _borrows_ (or references), so we need to\\n specify that our returned value has _the same lifetime_ as the vector we have\\n taken by a reference, i.e. returned reference must live at least as long as the\\n `v`. This way we can \u201cbe sure\u201d that the returned reference is valid.\\n\\n##### Issues\\n\\nFirst issue that our implementation has is the fact that we cannot get a mutable\\nreference out of that function. This could be easily resolved by introducing new\\nfunction, e.g. `index_mut`. Which I have actually done while writing this part:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index_mut<\'a, T, U>(v: &\'a mut [Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a mut U\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::caution **\xab\u21af\xbb** Why can\'t we use one function?\\n\\nWhen we consider a `Vec`, we don\'t need to consider containers as `T`, Rust\\nimplements indexing as traits `Index` and `IndexMut` that do the dirty work\\nbehind syntactic sugar of `container[idx]`.\\n\\nHowever, implementing of traits is not allowed for _external_ types, i.e. types\\nthat you haven\'t defined yourself. This means that you can implement indexing\\nover containers that you have implemented yourself, but you cannot use your own\\ntypes for indexing \u201cbuilt-in\u201d types.\\n\\nAnother part of this rabbit hole is trait `SliceIndex` that is of a relevance\\nbecause of\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index for [T]\\nwhere\\n I: SliceIndex<[T]>\\n\\nimpl Index for Vec\\nwhere\\n I: SliceIndex<[T]>,\\n A: Allocator\\n\\nimpl Index for [T; N]\\nwhere\\n [T]: Index\\n```\\n\\nIn other words, if your type implements `SliceIndex` trait, it can be used\\nfor indexing. As of now, this trait has all of its required methods experimental\\nand is marked as `unsafe`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAnother problem is a requirement for indexing either `[Vec]` or `Vec>`.\\nThis requirement could be countered by removing inner type `Vec` and constraining\\nit by a trait `Index` (or `IndexMut` respectively) in a following way\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn index<\'a, C, T>(v: &\'a [C], idx: &Vector2D) -> &\'a C::Output\\nwhere\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: Copy,\\n C: Index\\n{\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) = (idx.x.try_into().unwrap(), idx.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &v[y][x]\\n}\\n```\\n\\nGiven this, we can also give a more meaningful typename for indexing type, such\\nas `I`.\\n\\n#### Checking bounds\\n\\nNow we can get to the boundary checks, it is very similar, but a more\u2026 dirty.\\nFirst approach that came up was to convert the indices in `Vector2D` to `usize`,\\nbut when you add the indices up, e.g. when checking the neighbors, you can end\\nup with negative values which, unlike in C++, causes an error (instead of underflow\\nthat you can use to your advantage; you can easily guess how).\\n\\nSo how can we approach this then? Well\u2026 we will convert the bounds instead of\\nthe indices and that lead us to:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn in_range(v: &[Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> bool\\nwhere\\n usize: TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n T: PartialOrd + Copy,\\n{\\n idx.y >= 0.try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.y < v.len().try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.x >= 0.try_into().unwrap()\\n && idx.x\\n < v[TryInto::::try_into(idx.y).unwrap()]\\n .len()\\n .try_into()\\n .unwrap()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nYou can tell that it\'s definitely a shitty code. Let\'s improve it now! We will\\nget back to the original idea, but do it better. We know that we cannot convert\\nnegative values into `usize`, **but** we also know that conversion like that\\nreturns a `Result` which we can use to our advantage.\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn in_range(v: &[Vec], idx: &Vector2D) -> bool\\nwhere\\n T: Copy,\\n usize: TryFrom,\\n{\\n usize::try_from(idx.y)\\n .and_then(|y| usize::try_from(idx.x).map(|x| y < v.len() && x < v[y].len()))\\n .unwrap_or(false)\\n}\\n```\\n\\n`Result` is a type similar to `Either` in Haskell and it allows us to chain\\nmultiple operations on correct results or propagate the original error without\\ndoing anything. Let\'s dissect it one-by-one.\\n\\n`try_from` is a method implemented in `TryFrom` trait, that allows you to convert\\ntypes and either successfully convert them or fail (with a reasonable error). This\\nmethod returns `Result`.\\n\\nWe call `and_then` on that _result_, let\'s have a look at the type signature of\\n`and_then`, IMO it explains more than enough:\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn and_then(self, op: F) -> Result\\nwhere\\n F: FnOnce(T) -> Result\\n```\\n\\nOK\u2026 So it takes the result and a function and returns another result with\\ndifferent value and different error. However we can see that the function, which\\nrepresents an operation on a result, takes just the value, i.e. it doesn\'t care\\nabout any previous error. To make it short:\\n\\n> `and_then` allows us to run an operation, which can fail, on the correct result\\n\\nWe parsed a `y` index and now we try to convert the `x` index with `try_from`\\nagain, but on that result we use `map` rather than `and_then`, why would that be?\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn map(self, op: F) -> Result\\nwhere\\n F: FnOnce(T) -> U\\n```\\n\\nHuh\u2026 `map` performs an operation that **cannot** fail. And finally we use\\n`unwrap_or` which takes the value from result, or in case of an error returns the\\ndefault that we define.\\n\\nHow does this work then? If `y` is negative, the conversion fails and the error\\npropagates all the way to `unwrap_or`, if `y` can be a correct `usize` value, then\\nwe do the same with `x`. If `x` is negative, we propagate the error as with `y`,\\nand if it\'s not, then we check whether it exceeds the higher bounds or not.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively simple, you just need follow the rules and not get too smart, otherwise\\nit will get back at you.\\n\\n## [Day 9: Rope Bridge](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/9)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nWe get a rope with knots and we want to track how many different positions are\\nvisited with the rope\'s tail.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nBy this day, I have come to a conclusion that current skeleton for each day\\ngenerates a lot of boilerplate. And even though it can be easily copied, it\'s\\njust a waste of space and unnecessary code. Let\'s \u201csimplify\u201d this (on one end\\nwhile creating monster on the other end). I\'ve gone through what we need in the\\npreparations for the AoC. Let\'s sum up our requirements:\\n\\n- parsing\\n- part 1 & 2\\n- running on sample / input\\n- tests\\n\\nParsing and implementation of both parts is code that changes each day and we\\ncannot do anything about it. However running and testing can be simplified!\\n\\nLet\'s introduce and export a new module `solution` that will take care of all of\\nthis. We will start by introducing a trait for each day.\\n\\n```rust\\npub trait Solution {\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input;\\n\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output;\\n fn part_2(input: &Input) -> Output;\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis does a lot of work for us already, we have defined a trait and for each day\\nwe will create a structure representing a specific day. That structure will also\\nimplement the `Solution` trait.\\n\\nNow we need to get rid of the boilerplate, we can\'t get rid of the `main` function,\\nbut we can at least move out the functionality.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn run(type_of_input: &str) -> Result<()>\\nwhere\\n Self: Sized,\\n{\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = Self::parse_input(format!(\\"{}s/{}.txt\\", type_of_input, Self::day()));\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", Self::part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", Self::part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()>\\nwhere\\n Self: Sized,\\n{\\n Self::run(\\"input\\")\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis is all part of the `Solution` trait, which can implement methods while being\\ndependent on what is provided by the implementing types. In this case, we just\\nneed to bound the `Output` type to implement `Display` that is necessary for the\\n`info!` and format string there.\\n\\nNow we can get to first of the nasty things we are going to do\u2026 And it is the\\n`day()` method that you can see being used when constructing path to the input\\nfile. That method will generate a name of the file, e.g. `day01` and we know that\\nwe can _somehow_ deduce it from the structure name, given we name it reasonably.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn day() -> String {\\n let mut day = String::from(type_name::().split(\\"::\\").next().unwrap());\\n day.make_ascii_lowercase();\\n\\n day.to_string()\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::caution `type_name`\\n\\nThis feature is still experimental and considered to be internal, it is not\\nadvised to use it any production code.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAnd now we can get to the nastiest stuff :weary: We will **generate** the tests!\\n\\nWe want to be able to generate tests for sample input in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\ntest_sample!(day_01, Day01, 42, 69);\\n```\\n\\nThere\'s not much we can do, so we will write a macro to generate the tests for us.\\n\\n```rust\\n#[macro_export]\\nmacro_rules! test_sample {\\n ($mod_name:ident, $day_struct:tt, $part_1:expr, $part_2:expr) => {\\n #[cfg(test)]\\n mod $mod_name {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_1() {\\n let sample =\\n $day_struct::parse_input(&format!(\\"samples/{}.txt\\", $day_struct::day()));\\n assert_eq!($day_struct::part_1(&sample), $part_1);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_2() {\\n let sample =\\n $day_struct::parse_input(&format!(\\"samples/{}.txt\\", $day_struct::day()));\\n assert_eq!($day_struct::part_2(&sample), $part_2);\\n }\\n }\\n };\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe have used it in a similar way as macros in C/C++, one of the things that we\\ncan use to our advantage is defining \u201ctype\u201d of the parameters for the macro. All\\nparameters have their name prefixed with `$` sign and you can define various \u201cforms\u201d\\nof your macro. Let\'s go through it!\\n\\nWe have following parameters:\\n\\n- `$mod_name` which represents the name for the module with tests, it is typed\\n with `ident` which means that we want a valid identifier to be passed in.\\n- `$day_struct` represents the structure that will be used for tests, it is typed\\n with `tt` which represents a _token tree_, in our case it is a type.\\n- `$part_X` represents the expected output for the `X`th part and is of type `expr`\\n which literally means an _expression_.\\n\\nApart from that we need to use `#[macro_export]` to mark the macro as exported\\nfor usage outside of the module. Now our skeleton looks like:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2022::*;\\n\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = String;\\n\\nstruct DayXX;\\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\\n fn parse_input>(pathname: P) -> Input {\\n file_to_string(pathname)\\n }\\n\\n fn part_1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n\\n fn part_2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n }\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n // DayXX::run(\\"sample\\")\\n DayXX::main()\\n}\\n\\n// test_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, , );\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nNot much to talk about, it is relatively easy to simulate.\\n\\n## [Day 10: Cathode-Ray Tube](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/10)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nEmulating basic arithmetic operations on a CPU and drawing on CRT based on the\\nCPU\'s accumulator.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIn this day I have discovered an issue with my design of the `Solution` trait.\\nAnd the issue is caused by different types of `Output` for the part 1 and part 2.\\n\\nProblem is relatively simple and consists of simulating a CPU, I have approached\\nit in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn evaluate_instructions(instructions: &[Instruction], mut out: Output) -> Output {\\n instructions\\n .iter()\\n .fold(State::new(), |state, instruction| {\\n state.execute(instruction, &mut out)\\n });\\n\\n out\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe just take the instructions, we have some state of the CPU and we execute the\\ninstructions one-by-one. Perfect usage of the `fold` (or `reduce` as you may know\\nit from other languages).\\n\\nYou can also see that we have an `Output` type, so the question is how can we fix\\nthat problem. And the answer is very simple and _functional_. Rust allows you to\\nhave an `enumeration` that can _bear_ some other values apart from the type itself.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nWe could\'ve seen something like this with the `Result` type that can be\\ndefined as\\n\\n```rust\\nenum Result {\\n Ok(T),\\n Err(E)\\n}\\n```\\n\\n###### What does that mean though?\\n\\nWhen we have an `Ok` value, it has the result itself, and when we get an `Err`\\nvalue, it has the error. This also allows us to handle _results_ in a rather\\npretty way:\\n\\n```rust\\nmatch do_something(x) {\\n Ok(y) => {\\n println!(\\"SUCCESS: {}\\", y);\\n },\\n Err(y) => {\\n eprintln!(\\"ERROR: {}\\", y);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nMy solution has a following outline:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn execute(&self, i: &Instruction, output: &mut Output) -> State {\\n // execute the instruction\\n\\n // collect results if necessary\\n match output {\\n Output::Part1(x) => self.execute_part_1(y, x),\\n Output::Part2(x) => self.execute_part_2(y, x),\\n }\\n\\n // return the obtained state\\n new_state\\n}\\n```\\n\\nYou might think that it\'s a perfectly reasonable thing to do. Yes, **but** notice\\nthat the `match` statement doesn\'t _collect_ the changes in any way and also we\\npass `output` by `&mut`, so it is shared across each _iteration_ of the `fold`.\\n\\nThe dirty and ingenious thing is that `x`s are passed by `&mut` too and therefore\\nthey are directly modified by the helper functions. To sum it up and let it sit\\n\\n> We are **collecting** the result **into** an **enumeration** that is **shared**\\n> across **all** iterations of `fold`.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nSimilar to _Day 9_, but there are some technical details that can get you.\\n\\n## [Day 11: Monkey in the Middle](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/11)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nSimulation of monkeys throwing stuff around and measuring your stress levels\\nwhile your stuff is being passed around.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI think I decided to use regular expressions here for the first time, cause\\nparsing the input was a pain.\\n\\nAlso I didn\'t expect to implement Euclidean algorithm in Rust\u2026\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nAgain, we\'re just running a simulation. Though I must admit it was very easy to\\nmake a small technical mistakes that could affect the final results very late.\\n\\n## [Day 12: Hill Climbing Algorithm](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/12)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding shortest path up the hill and also shortest path down to the ground while\\nalso rolling down the hill\u2026\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAs I have said in the _tl;dr_, we are looking for the shortest path, but the start\\nand goal differ for the part 1 and 2. So I have decided to refactor my solution\\nto a BFS algorithm that takes necessary parameters via functions:\\n\\n```rust\\nfn bfs(\\n graph: &[Vec], start: &Position, has_edge: F, is_target: G\\n) -> Option\\nwhere\\n F: Fn(&[Vec], &Position, &Position) -> bool,\\n G: Fn(&[Vec], &Position) -> bool\\n```\\n\\nWe pass the initial vertex from the caller and everything else is left to the BFS\\nalgorithm, based on the `has_edge` and `is_target` functions.\\n\\nThis was easy! And that is not very usual in Rust once you want to pass around\\nfunctions. :eyes:\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nLooking for the shortest path\u2026 Must be Dijkstra, right? **Nope!** Half of the\\nReddit got jebaited though. In all fairness, nothing stops you from implementing\\nthe Dijkstra\'s algorithm for finding the shortest path, **but** if you know that\\nall connected vertices are in a unit (actually $d = 1$) distance from each other,\\nthen you know that running Dijkstra is equivalent to running BFS, only with worse\\ntime complexity, because of the priority heap instead of the queue.\\n\\n## [Day 13: Distress Signal](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/13)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nProcessing packets with structured data from the distress signal.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nYou can implement a lot of traits if you want to. It is _imperative_ to implement\\nordering on the packets. I had a typo, so I also proceeded to implement a `Display`\\ntrait for debugging purposes:\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Display for Packet {\\n fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<\'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {\\n match self {\\n Packet::Integer(x) => write!(f, \\"{x}\\"),\\n Packet::List(lst) => write!(f, \\"[{}]\\", lst.iter().map(|p| format!(\\"{p}\\")).join(\\",\\")),\\n }\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nA lot of technical details\u2026 Parsing is nasty too\u2026\\n\\n## [Day 14: Regolith Reservoir](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/14)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s simulate falling sand grain-by-grain.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nAgain, both parts are relatively similar with minimal changes, so it is a good\\nidea to refactor it a bit. Similar approach to the [BFS above]. Also this is the\\nfirst day where I ran into efficiency issues and had to redo my solution to speed\\nit up just a bit.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nTedious.\\n\\n## Post Mortem\\n\\n### Indexing\\n\\nI was asked about the indexing after publishing the blog. And truly it is rather\\ncomplicated topic, especially after releasing `SliceIndex` trait. I couldn\'t\\nleave it be, so I tried to implement the `Index` and `IndexMut` trait.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nI have also mentioned that the `SliceIndex` trait is `unsafe`, but truth be told,\\nonly _unsafe_ part are the 2 methods that are named `*unchecked*`. Anyways, I will\\nbe implementing the `Index*` traits for now, rather than the `SliceIndex`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nIt\'s relatively straightforward\u2026\\n\\n```rust\\nimpl Index> for [C]\\nwhere\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: Index,\\n{\\n type Output = C::Output;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Vector2D) -> &Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &self[y][x]\\n }\\n}\\n\\nimpl IndexMut> for [C]\\nwhere\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: IndexMut,\\n{\\n fn index_mut(&mut self, index: Vector2D) -> &mut Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut self[y][x]\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nWe can see a lot of similarities to the implementation of `index` and `index_mut`\\nfunctions. In the end, they are 1:1, just wrapped in the trait that provides a\\nsyntax sugar for `container[idx]`.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nI have also switched from using the `TryFrom` to `TryInto` trait, since it better\\nmatches what we are using, the `.try_into` rather than `usize::try_from`.\\n\\nAlso implementing `TryFrom` automatically provides you with a `TryInto` trait,\\nsince it is relatively easy to implement. Just compare the following:\\n\\n```rust\\npub trait TryFrom: Sized {\\n type Error;\\n\\n fn try_from(value: T) -> Result;\\n}\\n\\npub trait TryInto: Sized {\\n type Error;\\n\\n fn try_into(self) -> Result;\\n}\\n```\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOK, so we have our trait implemented, we should be able to use `container[index]`,\\nright? Yes\u2026 but actually no :frowning:\\n\\n```\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:26:18\\n |\\n26 | if trees[pos] > tallest {\\n | ^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:30:28\\n |\\n30 | max(tallest, trees[pos])\\n | ^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n\\nerror[E0277]: the type `[std::vec::Vec]` cannot be indexed by `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n --\x3e src/bin/day08.rs:52:28\\n |\\n52 | let max_height = trees[position];\\n | ^^^^^^^^ slice indices are of type `usize` or ranges of `usize`\\n |\\n = help: the trait `std::slice::SliceIndex<[std::vec::Vec]>` is not implemented for `aoc_2022::Vector2D`\\n = note: required for `std::vec::Vec>` to implement `std::ops::Index>`\\n```\\n\\nWhy? We have it implemented for the slices (`[C]`), why doesn\'t it work? Well,\\nthe fun part consists of the fact that in other place, where we were using it,\\nwe were passing the `&[Vec]`, but this is coming from a helper functions that\\ntake `&Vec>` instead. And\u2026 we don\'t implement `Index` and `IndexMut` for\\nthose. Just for the slices. \ud83e\udd2f _What are we going to do about it?_\\n\\nWe can either start copy-pasting or be smarter about it\u2026 I choose to be smarter,\\nso let\'s implement a macro! The only difference across the implementations are\\nthe types of the outer containers. Implementation doesn\'t differ **at all**!\\n\\nImplementing the macro can be done in a following way:\\n\\n```rust\\nmacro_rules! generate_indices {\\n ($container:ty) => {\\n impl Index> for $container\\n where\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: Index,\\n {\\n type Output = C::Output;\\n\\n fn index(&self, index: Vector2D) -> &Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &self[y][x]\\n }\\n }\\n\\n impl IndexMut> for $container\\n where\\n I: Copy + TryInto,\\n >::Error: Debug,\\n C: IndexMut,\\n {\\n fn index_mut(&mut self, index: Vector2D) -> &mut Self::Output {\\n let (x, y): (usize, usize) =\\n (index.x.try_into().unwrap(), index.y.try_into().unwrap());\\n &mut self[y][x]\\n }\\n }\\n };\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAnd now we can simply do\\n\\n```rust\\ngenerate_indices!(VecDeque);\\ngenerate_indices!([C]);\\ngenerate_indices!(Vec);\\n// generate_indices!([C; N], const N: usize);\\n```\\n\\nThe last type (I took the inspiration from the implementations of the `Index` and\\n`IndexMut` traits) is a bit problematic, because of the `const N: usize` part,\\nwhich I haven\'t managed to be able to parse. And that\'s how I got rid of the error.\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIf I were to use 2D-indexing over `[C; N]` slices, I\'d probably just go with the\\ncopy-paste, cause the cost of this \u201cmonstrosity\u201d outweighs the benefits of no DRY.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n#### Cause of the problem\\n\\nThis issue is relatively funny. If you don\'t use any type aliases, just the raw\\ntypes, you\'ll get suggested certain changes by the _clippy_. For example if you\\nconsider the following piece of code\\n\\n```rust\\nfn get_sum(nums: &Vec) -> i32 {\\n nums.iter().sum()\\n}\\n\\nfn main() {\\n let nums = vec![1, 2, 3];\\n println!(\\"Sum: {}\\", get_sum(&nums));\\n}\\n```\\n\\nand you run _clippy_ on it, you will get\\n\\n```\\nChecking playground v0.0.1 (/playground)\\nwarning: writing `&Vec` instead of `&[_]` involves a new object where a slice will do\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:1:18\\n |\\n1 | fn get_sum(nums: &Vec) -> i32 {\\n | ^^^^^^^^^ help: change this to: `&[i32]`\\n |\\n = help: for further information visit https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#ptr_arg\\n = note: `#[warn(clippy::ptr_arg)]` on by default\\n\\nwarning: `playground` (bin \\"playground\\") generated 1 warning\\n Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.61s\\n```\\n\\nHowever, if you introduce a type alias, such as\\n\\n```rust\\ntype Numbers = Vec;\\n```\\n\\nThen _clippy_ won\'t say anything, cause there is literally nothing to suggest.\\nHowever the outcome is not the same\u2026\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[bfs above]: #day-12-hill-climbing-algorithm"},{"id":"aoc-2022/1st-week","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/01-week-1.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/01-week-1.md","title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving first week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-15T01:15:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 15, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":12.4,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Surviving first week in Rust.","date":"2022-12-15T01:15","slug":"aoc-2022/1st-week","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"2nd week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week"},"nextItem":{"title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/intro"}},"content":"Let\'s go through the first week of [_Advent of Code_] in Rust.\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n:::note\\n\\nIf you wish to have a look at the solutions, you can follow them on my [GitLab].\\nMore specifically in the [`/src/bin/`].\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI will try to summarize my experience with using Rust for the AoC. Trying it out\\nages ago, I believe it will be _pain and suffering_, but we will see. For each\\nday I will also try to give a tl;dr of the problem, so that you can better imagine\\nthe relation to my woes or :+1: moments.\\n\\n## [Day 1: Calorie Counting](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/1)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nAs the name suggests, we get the calories of the food contained in the elves\\nbackpacks and we want to choose the elf that has the most food ;)\\n\\n:::\\n\\n> Wakey wakey!\\n\\nProgramming in Rust at 6am definitely hits. I\'ve also forgotten to mention how I\\nhandle samples. With each puzzle you usually get a sample input and expected\\noutput. You can use them to verify that your solution works, or usually doesn\'t.\\n\\nAt first I\'ve decided to put asserts into my `main`, something like\\n\\n```rust\\nassert_eq!(part_1(&sample), 24000);\\ninfo!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n\\nassert_eq!(part_2(&sample), 45000);\\ninfo!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n```\\n\\nHowever, once you get further, the sample input may take some time to run itself.\\nSo in the end, I have decided to turn them into unit tests:\\n\\n```rust\\n#[cfg(test)]\\nmod tests {\\n use super::*;\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_1() {\\n let sample = parse_input(\\"samples/day01.txt\\");\\n assert_eq!(part_1(&sample), 24000);\\n }\\n\\n #[test]\\n fn test_part_2() {\\n let sample = parse_input(\\"samples/day01.txt\\");\\n assert_eq!(part_2(&sample), 45000);\\n }\\n}\\n```\\n\\nAnd later on I have noticed, it\'s hard to tell the difference between the days,\\nso I further renamed the `mod` from generic `tests` to reflect the days.\\n\\nAlso after finishing the first day puzzle, I have installed an [`sccache`] to\\ncache the builds, so that the build time is lower, cause it was kinda unbearable.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nWell, it\'s a pretty simple problem. You just take the input, sum the calories and\\nfind the biggest one. However, if we try to generalize to more than the biggest\\none, the fun appears. We have few options:\\n\\n- keep all the calories, sort them, take what we need\\n- keep all the calories and use max heap\\n- use min heap and maintain at most N calories that we need\\n\\n## [Day 2: Rock Paper Scissors](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/2)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nYou want to know what score did you achieve while playing _Rock Paper Scissors_.\\nAnd then you want to be strategic about it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nApart from the technical details of the puzzle, it went relatively smooth.\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nI took relatively na\xefve approach and then tried to simplify it.\\n\\n## [Day 3: Rucksack Reorganization](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/3)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s go reorganize elves\' backpacks! Each backpacks has 2 compartments and you\\nwant to find the common item among those compartments. Each of them has priority,\\nyou care only about the sum.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThis is the day where I started to fight the compiler and neither of us decided\\nto give up. Let\'s dive into it \\\\o/\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nFighting the compiler took me 30 minutes.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nWe need to find a common item among 2 collections, that\'s an easy task, right?\\nWe can construct 2 sets and find an intersection:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3].iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5].iter().collect();\\n```\\n\\nNow, the first issue that we encounter is caused by the fact that we are using\\na slice (the `[\u2026]`), iterator of that returns **references** to the numbers.\\nAnd we get immediately yelled at by the compiler, because the numbers are discarded\\nafter running the `.collect`. To fix this, we can use `.into_iter`:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5].into_iter().collect();\\n```\\n\\nThis way the numbers will get copied instead of referenced. OK, let\'s find the\\nintersection of those 2 collections:\\n\\n```rust\\nprintln!(\\"Common elements: {:?}\\", top.intersection(&bottom));\\n```\\n\\n```\\nCommon elements: [3]\\n```\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nNotice that we need to do `&bottom`. It explicitly specifies that `.intersection`\\n**borrows** the `bottom`, i.e. takes an immutable reference to it.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nThat\'s what we want, right? Looks like it! \\\\o/\\n\\nNext part wants us to find the common element among all of the backpacks. OK, so\\nthat should be fairly easy, we have an intersection and we want to find intersection\\nover all of them.\\n\\nLet\'s have a look at the type of the `.intersection`\\n\\n```rust\\npub fn intersection<\'a>(\\n\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0&\'a self,\\n\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0other: &\'a HashSet\\n) -> Intersection<\'a, T, S>\\n```\\n\\nOK\u2026 Huh\u2026 But we have an example there!\\n\\n```rust\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = a.intersection(&b).collect();\\n```\\n\\nCool, that\'s all we need.\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\n```\\nIntersection: {3, 4}\\n```\\n\\nCool, so let\'s do the intersection with the `top_2`:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\nAnd we get yelled at by the compiler:\\n\\n```\\nerror[E0308]: mismatched types\\n --\x3e src/main.rs:10:58\\n |\\n10 | let intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).collect();\\n | ------------ ^^^^^^ expected `&i32`, found `i32`\\n | |\\n | arguments to this function are incorrect\\n |\\n = note: expected reference `&HashSet<&i32>`\\n found reference `&HashSet`\\n```\\n\\n/o\\\\ What the hell is going on here? Well, the funny thing is, that this operation\\ndoesn\'t return the elements themselves, but the references to them and when we pass\\nthe third set, it has just the values themselves, without any references.\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nIt may seem as a very weird decision, but in fact it makes some sense\u2026 It allows\\nyou to do intersection of items that may not be possible to copy. Overall this is\\na \u201ctax\u201d for having a borrow checker ~~drilling your ass~~ having your back and\\nmaking sure you\'re not doing something naughty that may cause an **undefined**\\n**behavior**.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nTo resolve this we need to get an iterator that **clones** the elements:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet top: HashSet = [1, 2, 3, 4].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom: HashSet = [3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet top_2: HashSet = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\nlet bottom_2: HashSet = [4, 5, 6].into_iter().collect();\\n\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = top.intersection(&bottom).cloned().collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&top_2).cloned().collect();\\nlet intersection: HashSet<_> = intersection.intersection(&bottom_2).cloned().collect();\\nprintln!(\\"Intersection: {:?}\\", intersection);\\n```\\n\\n```\\nIntersection: {4}\\n```\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nThe approach is pretty simple, if you omit the _1on1 with the compiler_. You just\\nhave some fun with the set operations :)\\n\\n## [Day 4: Camp Cleanup](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/4)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nElves are cleaning up the camp and they got overlapping sections to clean up.\\nFind how many overlap and can take the day off.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n[`RangeInclusive`] is your friend not an enemy :)\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nRelatively easy, you just need to parse the input and know what you want. Rust\'s\\n`RangeInclusive` type helped a lot, cause it took care of all abstractions.\\n\\n## [Day 5: Supply Stacks](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/5)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s play with stacks of crates.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nVery easy problem with very annoying input. You can judge yourself:\\n\\n```\\n [D]\\n[N] [C]\\n[Z] [M] [P]\\n 1 2 3\\n\\nmove 1 from 2 to 1\\nmove 3 from 1 to 3\\nmove 2 from 2 to 1\\nmove 1 from 1 to 2\\n```\\n\\nGood luck transforming that into something reasonable :)\\n\\n:::tip Fun fact\\n\\nTook me 40 minutes to parse this reasonably, including fighting the compiler.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nFor the initial solution I went with a manual solution (as in _I have done all_\\n_the work_. Later on I have decided to explore the `std` and interface of the\\n`std::vec::Vec` and found [`split_off`] which takes an index and splits (duh)\\nthe vector:\\n\\n```rust\\nlet mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];\\nlet vec2 = vec.split_off(1);\\nassert_eq!(vec, [1]);\\nassert_eq!(vec2, [2, 3]);\\n```\\n\\nThis helped me simplify my solution a lot and also get rid of some _edge cases_.\\n\\n## [Day 6: Tuning Trouble](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/6)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nFinding start of the message in a very weird protocol. Start of the message is\\ndenoted by $N$ unique consecutive characters.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nA lot of different approaches, knowing that we are dealing with input consisting\\nsolely of ASCII letters, I bit the bullet and went with sliding window and\\nconstructing sets from that window, checking if the set is as big as the window.\\n\\nOne possible optimization could consist of keeping a bit-vector (i.e. `usize`\\nvariable) of encountered characters and updating it as we go. However this has\\na different issue and that is removal of the characters from the left side of the\\nwindow. We don\'t know if the same character is not included later on.\\n\\nOther option is to do similar thing, but keeping the frequencies of the letters,\\nand again knowing we have only ASCII letters we can optimize by having a vector\\nof 26 elements that keeps count for each lowercase letter.\\n\\n## [Day 7: No Space Left On Device](https://adventofcode.com/2022/day/7)\\n\\n:::info tl;dr\\n\\nLet\'s simulate [`du`] to get some stats about our file system and then pinpoint\\ndirectories that take a lot of space and should be deleted.\\n\\n:::\\n\\n> I was waiting for this moment, and yet it got me!\\n> _imagine me swearing for hours_\\n\\n### Solution\\n\\nWe need to \u201c_build_\u201d a file system from the input that is given in a following form:\\n\\n```\\n$ cd /\\n$ ls\\ndir a\\n14848514 b.txt\\n8504156 c.dat\\ndir d\\n$ cd a\\n$ ls\\ndir e\\n29116 f\\n2557 g\\n62596 h.lst\\n$ cd e\\n$ ls\\n584 i\\n$ cd ..\\n$ cd ..\\n$ cd d\\n$ ls\\n4060174 j\\n8033020 d.log\\n5626152 d.ext\\n7214296 k\\n```\\n\\nThere are few ways in which you can achieve this and also you can assume some\\npreconditions, but why would we do that, right? :)\\n\\nYou can \u201cslap\u201d this in either [`HashMap`] or [`BTreeMap`] and call it a day.\\nAnd that would be boring\u2026\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\n`BTreeMap` is quite fitting for this, don\'t you think?\\n\\n:::\\n\\nI always wanted to try allocation on heap in Rust, so I chose to implement a tree.\\nI fought with the `Box` for some time and was losing\u2026\\n\\nThen I looked up some implementations of trees or linked lists and decided to try\\n`Rc>`. And I got my _ass whopped_ by the compiler once again. /o\\\\\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\n`Box` represents a dynamically allocated memory on heap. It is a single pointer,\\nyou can imagine this as `std::unique_ptr` in C++.\\n\\n`Rc` represents a dynamically allocated memory on heap. On top of that it is\\n_reference counted_ (that\'s what the `Rc` stands for). You can imagine this as\\n`std::shared_ptr` in C++.\\n\\nNow the fun stuff. Neither of them lets you **mutate** the contents of the memory.\\n\\n`Cell` allows you to mutate the memory. Can be used reasonably with types that\\ncan be copied, because the memory safety is guaranteed by copying the contents\\nwhen there is more than one **mutable** reference to the memory.\\n\\n`RefCell` is similar to the `Cell`, but the borrowing rules (how many mutable\\nreferences are present) are checked dynamically.\\n\\nSo in the end, if you want something like `std::shared_ptr` in Rust, you want\\nto have `Rc>`.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nSo, how are we going to represent the file system then? We will use an enumeration,\\nhehe, which is an algebraic data type that can store some stuff in itself :weary:\\n\\n```rust\\ntype FileHandle = Rc>;\\n\\n#[derive(Debug)]\\nenum AocFile {\\n File(usize),\\n Directory(BTreeMap),\\n}\\n```\\n\\nLet\'s go over it! `FileHandle` represents dynamically allocated `AocFile`, not\\nmuch to discuss. What does the `#[derive(Debug)]` do though? It lets us to print\\nout the value of that enumeration, it\'s derived, so it\'s not as good as if we had\\nimplemented it ourselves, but it\'s good enough for debugging, hence the name.\\n\\nNow to the fun part! `AocFile` value can be represented in two ways:\\n\\n- `File(usize)`, e.g. `AocFile::File(123)` and we can pattern match it, if we\\n need to\\n- `Directory(BTreeMap)` will represent the directory and will\\n contain map matching the name of the files (or directories) within to their\\n respective file handles\\n\\nI will omit the details about constructing this file system, cause there are a lot\\nof technicalities introduced by the nature of the input. However if you are\\ninterested, you can have a look at my solution.\\n\\nWe need to find small enough directories and also find the smallest directory that\\nwill free enough space. Now the question is, how could we do that. And there are\\nmultiple ways I will describe.\\n\\nI have chosen to implement [_tree catamorphism_] :weary:. It is basically a fold\\nover a tree data structure. We descent down into the leaves and propagate computed\\nresults all the way to the root. You can also notice that this approach is very\\nsimilar to _dynamic programming_, we find overlapping sections of the computation\\nand try to minimize the additional work (in this case: we need to know sizes of\\nour descendants, but we have already been there).\\n\\nAnother approach that has been suggested to me few days later is running DFS on\\nthe graph. And, funnily enough, we would still need to combine what we found in\\nthe branches where we descent. So in the end, it would work very similarly to my\\nsolution.\\n\\nOne of the more exotic options would be precomputing the required information at\\nthe same time as parsing. That could be done by adding additional fields to the\\nnodes which would allow storing such information and updating it as we construct\\nthe file system.\\n\\n## Post Mortem\\n\\nThings that have been brought up in the discussion later on.\\n\\n### `Rc` vs `Rc>`\\n\\nIt has been brought up that I have a contradicting statement regarding the\\ndynamically allocated memory. Specifically:\\n\\n- You can imagine `Rc` as an `std::shared_ptr` (in C++)\\n- When you want an equivalent of `std::shared_ptr`, you want to use\\n `Rc>`\\n\\nNow, in Rust it is a bit more complicated, because the type that represents the\\n\u201cshared pointer\u201d is `Rc`. What `RefCell` does is making sure that there is\\nonly one \u201cowner\u201d of a mutable reference at a time (and dynamically, as opposed\\nto the `Cell`).\\n\\nTherefore to be precise and correct about the equivalents of `std::shared_ptr`\\nin Rust, we can say that\\n\\n- `Rc` is an equivalent of a `const std::shared_ptr`,\\n- and `Rc>` is an equivalent of a `std::shared_ptr`.\\n\\nYou can easily see that they only differ in the mutability. (And even that is not\\nas simple as it seems, because there is also `Cell`)\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[gitlab]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\n[`/src/bin/`]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022/-/tree/main/src/bin\\n[`sccache`]: https://github.com/mozilla/sccache\\n[`rangeinclusive`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeInclusive.html\\n[`split_off`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#method.split_off\\n[`du`]: https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/du.1.html\\n[`hashmap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashMap.html\\n[`btreemap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html\\n[_tree catamorphism_]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamorphism#Tree_fold"},{"id":"aoc-2022/intro","metadata":{"permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/intro","editUrl":"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/aoc-2022/00-intro.md","source":"@site/blog/aoc-2022/00-intro.md","title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Preparing for Advent of Code \'22.","date":"2022-12-14T21:45:00.000Z","formattedDate":"December 14, 2022","tags":[{"label":"advent-of-code","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code"},{"label":"advent-of-code-2022","permalink":"/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022"},{"label":"rust","permalink":"/blog/tags/rust"}],"readingTime":8.665,"hasTruncateMarker":true,"authors":[{"name":"Matej Focko","email":"me+blog@mfocko.xyz","title":"a.k.a. @mf","url":"https://gitlab.com/mfocko","imageURL":"https://github.com/mfocko.png","key":"mf"}],"frontMatter":{"title":"Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","description":"Preparing for Advent of Code \'22.","date":"2022-12-14T21:45","slug":"aoc-2022/intro","authors":"mf","tags":["advent-of-code","advent-of-code-2022","rust"],"hide_table_of_contents":false},"unlisted":false,"prevItem":{"title":"1st week of Advent of Code \'22 in Rust","permalink":"/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week"}},"content":"Let\'s talk about the preparations for this year\'s [_Advent of Code_].\\n\\n\x3c!--truncate--\x3e\\n\\n## Choosing a language\\n\\nWhen choosing a language for AoC, you usually want a language that gives you a\\nquick feedback which allows you to iterate quickly to the solution of the puzzle.\\nOne of the most common choices is Python, many people also use JavaScript or Ruby.\\n\\nGiven the competitive nature of the AoC and popularity among competitive programming,\\nC++ might be also a very good choice. Only if you are familiar with it, I guess\u2026\\n\\nIf you want a challenge, you might also choose to rotate the languages each day.\\nThough I prefer to use only one language.\\n\\nFor this year I have been deciding between _Rust_, _C++_ and _Pascal_ or _Ada_.\\n\\nI have tried Rust last year and have survived with it for 3 days and then gave\\nup and switched to _Kotlin_, which was pretty good given it is \u201cJava undercover\u201d.\\nI pretty much like the ideas behind Rust, I am not sure about the whole cult and\\nimplementation of those ideas though. After some years with C/C++, I would say\\nthat Rust feels _too safe_ for my taste and tries to \u201c_punish me_\u201d even for the\\nmost trivial things.\\n\\nC++ is a very robust, but also comes with a wide variety of options providing you\\nthe ability to shoot yourself in the leg. I have tried to solve few days of previous\\nAdvent of Code events, it was _relatively easy_ to solve the problems in C++, given\\nthat I do not admit writing my own iterator for `enumerate`\u2026\\n\\nPascal or Ada were meme choices :) Ada is heavily inspired by Pascal and has a\\npretty nice standard library that offers enough to be able to quickly solve some\\nproblems in it. However the toolkit is questionable :/\\n\\n## Choosing libraries\\n\\n## Preparations for Rust\\n\\nAll of the sources, later on including solutions, can be found at my\\n[GitLab].\\n\\n### Toolkit\\n\\nSince we are using Rust, we are going to use a [Cargo] and more than likely VSCode\\nwith [`rust-analyzer`]. Because of my choice of libraries, we will also introduce\\na `.envrc` file that can be used by [`direnv`], which allows you to set specific\\nenvironment variables when you enter a directory. In our case, we will use\\n\\n```bash\\n# to show nice backtrace when using the color-eyre\\nexport RUST_BACKTRACE=1\\n\\n# to catch logs generated by tracing\\nexport RUST_LOG=trace\\n```\\n\\nAnd for the one of the most obnoxious things ever, we will use a script to download\\nthe inputs instead of \u201c_clicking, opening and copying to a file_\u201d[^1]. There is\\nno need to be _fancy_, so we will adjust Python script by Martin[^2].\\n\\n```py\\n#!/usr/bin/env python3\\n\\nimport datetime\\nimport yaml\\nimport requests\\nimport sys\\n\\n\\ndef load_config():\\n with open(\\"env.yaml\\", \\"r\\") as f:\\n js = yaml.load(f, Loader=yaml.Loader)\\n return js[\\"session\\"], js[\\"year\\"]\\n\\n\\ndef get_input(session, year, day):\\n return requests.get(\\n f\\"https://adventofcode.com/{year}/day/{day}/input\\",\\n cookies={\\"session\\": session},\\n headers={\\n \\"User-Agent\\": \\"{repo} by {mail}\\".format(\\n repo=\\"gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\",\\n mail=\\"me@mfocko.xyz\\",\\n )\\n },\\n ).content.decode(\\"utf-8\\")\\n\\n\\ndef main():\\n day = datetime.datetime.now().day\\n if len(sys.argv) == 2:\\n day = sys.argv[1]\\n\\n session, year = load_config()\\n problem_input = get_input(session, year, day)\\n\\n with open(f\\"./inputs/day{day:>02}.txt\\", \\"w\\") as f:\\n f.write(problem_input)\\n\\n\\nif __name__ == \\"__main__\\":\\n main()\\n```\\n\\nIf the script is called without any arguments, it will deduce the day from the\\nsystem, so we do not need to change the day every morning. It also requires a\\nconfiguration file:\\n\\n```yaml\\n# env.yaml\\nsession: \u2039your session cookie\u203a\\nyear: 2022\\n```\\n\\n### Libraries\\n\\nLooking at the list of the libraries, I have chosen \u201ca lot\u201d of them. Let\'s walk\\nthrough each of them.\\n\\n[`tracing`] and [`tracing-subscriber`] are the crates that can be used for tracing\\nand logging of your Rust programs, there are also other crates that can help you\\nwith providing backtrace to the Sentry in case you have deployed your application\\nsomewhere and you want to watch over it. In our use case we will just utilize the\\nmacros for debugging in the terminal.\\n\\n[`thiserror`], [`anyhow`] and [`color-eyre`] are used for error reporting.\\n`thiserror` is a very good choice for libraries, cause it extends the `Error`\\nfrom the `std` and allows you to create more convenient error types. Next is\\n`anyhow` which kinda builds on top of the `thiserror` and provides you with simpler\\nerror handling in binaries[^3]. And finally we have `color-eyre` which, as I found\\nout later, is a colorful (_wink wink_) extension of `eyre` which is fork of `anyhow`\\nwhile supporting customized reports.\\n\\nIn the end I have decided to remove `thiserror` and `anyhow`, since first one is\\nsuitable for libraries and the latter was basically fully replaced by `{color-,}eyre`.\\n\\n[`regex`] and [`lazy_static`] are a very good and also, I hope, self-explanatory\\ncombination. `lazy_static` allows you to have static variables that must be initialized\\nduring runtime.\\n\\n[`itertools`] provides some nice extensions to the iterators from the `std`.\\n\\n### My own \u201clibrary\u201d\\n\\nWhen creating the crate for this year\'s Advent of Code, I have chosen a library\\ntype. Even though standard library is huge, some things might not be included and\\nalso we can follow _KISS_. I have 2 modules that my \u201clibrary\u201d exports, one for\\nparsing and one for 2D vector (that gets used quite often during Advent of Code).\\n\\nKey part is, of course, processing the input and my library exports following\\nfunctions that get used a lot:\\n\\n```rust\\n/// Reads file to the string.\\npub fn file_to_string>(pathname: P) -> String;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns it as a vector of characters.\\npub fn file_to_chars>(pathname: P) -> Vec;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns a vector of parsed structures. Expects each structure\\n/// on its own line in the file. And `T` needs to implement `FromStr` trait.\\npub fn file_to_structs, T: FromStr>(pathname: P) -> Vec\\nwhere\\n ::Err: Debug;\\n\\n/// Converts iterator over strings to a vector of parsed structures. `T` needs\\n/// to implement `FromStr` trait and its error must derive `Debug` trait.\\npub fn strings_to_structs(\\n iter: impl Iterator\\n) -> Vec\\nwhere\\n ::Err: std::fmt::Debug,\\n U: Deref;\\n\\n/// Reads file and returns it as a vector of its lines.\\npub fn file_to_lines>(pathname: P) -> Vec;\\n```\\n\\nAs for the vector, I went with a rather simple implementation that allows only\\naddition of the vectors for now and accessing the elements via functions `x()`\\nand `y()`. Also the vector is generic, so we can use it with any numeric type we\\nneed.\\n\\n### Skeleton\\n\\nWe can also prepare a template to quickly bootstrap each of the days. We know\\nthat each puzzle has 2 parts, which means that we can start with 2 functions that\\nwill solve them.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn part1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nBoth functions take reference to the input and return some output (in majority\\nof puzzles, it is the same type). `todo!()` can be used as a nice placeholder,\\nit also causes a panic when reached and we could also provide some string with\\nan explanation, e.g. `todo!(\\"part 1\\")`. We have not given functions a specific\\ntype and to avoid as much copy-paste as possible, we will introduce type aliases.\\n\\n```rust\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = i32;\\n```\\n\\n:::tip\\n\\nThis allows us to quickly adjust the types only in one place without the need to\\ndo _regex-replace_ or replace them manually.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nFor each day we get a personalized input that is provided as a text file. Almost\\nall the time, we would like to get some structured type out of that input, and\\ntherefore it makes sense to introduce a new function that will provide the parsing\\nof the input.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn parse_input(path: &str) -> Input {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis \u201cparser\u201d will take a path to the file, just in case we would like to run the\\nsample instead of input.\\n\\nOK, so now we can write a `main` function that will take all of the pieces and\\nrun them.\\n\\n```rust\\nfn main() {\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n println!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n println!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThis would definitely do :) But we have installed a few libraries and we want to\\nuse them. In this part we are going to utilize _[`tracing`]_ (for tracing, duh\u2026)\\nand _[`color-eyre`]_ (for better error reporting, e.g. from parsing).\\n\\n```rust\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n```\\n\\nThe first statement will set up tracing and configure it to print out the logs to\\nterminal, based on the environment variable. We also change the formatting a bit,\\nsince we do not need all the _fancy_ features of the logger. Pure initialization\\nwould get us logs like this:\\n\\n```\\n2022-12-11T19:53:19.975343Z INFO day01: Part 1: 0\\n```\\n\\nHowever after running that command, we will get the following:\\n\\n```\\n INFO src/bin/day01.rs:35: Part 1: 0\\n```\\n\\nAnd the `color_eyre::install()?` is quite straightforward. We just initialize the\\nerror reporting by _color eyre_.\\n\\n:::caution\\n\\nNotice that we had to add `Ok(())` to the end of the function and adjust the\\nreturn type of the `main` to `Result<()>`. It is caused by the _color eyre_ that\\ncan be installed only once and therefore it can fail, that is how we got the `?`\\nat the end of the `::install` which _unwraps_ the **\xbbresult\xab** of the installation.\\n\\n:::\\n\\nOverall we will get to a template like this:\\n\\n```rust\\nuse aoc_2022::*;\\n\\nuse color_eyre::eyre::Result;\\nuse tracing::info;\\nuse tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;\\n\\ntype Input = String;\\ntype Output = i32;\\n\\nfn parse_input(path: &str) -> Input {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part1(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn part2(input: &Input) -> Output {\\n todo!()\\n}\\n\\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\\n tracing_subscriber::fmt()\\n .with_env_filter(EnvFilter::from_default_env())\\n .with_target(false)\\n .with_file(true)\\n .with_line_number(true)\\n .without_time()\\n .compact()\\n .init();\\n color_eyre::install()?;\\n\\n let input = parse_input(\\"inputs/dayXX.txt\\");\\n\\n info!(\\"Part 1: {}\\", part_1(&input));\\n info!(\\"Part 2: {}\\", part_2(&input));\\n\\n Ok(())\\n}\\n```\\n\\n[^1]:\\n Copy-pasting might be a relaxing thing to do, but you can also discover\\n nasty stuff about your PC. See [this Reddit post and the comment].\\n\\n[^2]: [GitHub profile](https://github.com/martinjonas)\\n[^3]:\\n Even though you can use it even for libraries, but handling errors from\\n libraries using `anyhow` is nasty\u2026 You will be the stinky one ;)\\n\\n[_advent of code_]: https://adventofcode.com\\n[gitlab]: https://gitlab.com/mfocko/advent-of-code-2022\\n[cargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/\\n[`rust-analyzer`]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io/\\n[`direnv`]: https://direnv.net/\\n[`tracing`]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing\\n[`tracing-subscriber`]: https://crates.io/crates/tracing-subscriber\\n[`thiserror`]: https://crates.io/crates/thiserror\\n[`anyhow`]: https://crates.io/crates/anyhow\\n[`color-eyre`]: https://crates.io/crates/color-eyre\\n[`regex`]: https://crates.io/crates/regex\\n[`lazy_static`]: https://crates.io/crates/lazy_static\\n[`itertools`]: https://crates.io/crates/itertools\\n[this reddit post and the comment]: https://www.reddit.com/r/adventofcode/comments/zb98pn/comment/iyq0ono"}]}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/4fd4011a.361c28b6.js b/assets/js/4fd4011a.361c28b6.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..754d41f --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/4fd4011a.361c28b6.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[565],{43050:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/blog/tags/lts","page":1,"postsPerPage":10,"totalPages":1,"totalCount":1,"blogDescription":"Blog","blogTitle":"Blog"}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/57ac6224.4ae386db.js b/assets/js/57ac6224.4ae386db.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9420267 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/57ac6224.4ae386db.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[2698],{35340:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/blog/tags/linux-distributions","page":1,"postsPerPage":10,"totalPages":1,"totalCount":1,"blogDescription":"Blog","blogTitle":"Blog"}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/595c7293.10827533.js b/assets/js/595c7293.ac2cc3dd.js similarity index 98% rename from assets/js/595c7293.10827533.js rename to assets/js/595c7293.ac2cc3dd.js index 29da751..df415a2 100644 --- a/assets/js/595c7293.10827533.js +++ b/assets/js/595c7293.ac2cc3dd.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5634],{58396:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>c,toc:()=>l});var i=t(85893),s=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},o="8th seminar bonus assignment",c={id:"bonuses/seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/08.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-08",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/08.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707051499,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 4, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"5th and 6th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06"},next:{title:"10th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10"}},a={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Warning",id:"warning",level:2},{value:"Testing",id:"testing",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",level:2},{value:"Requirements",id:"requirements",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-075-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"8th-seminar-bonus-assignment",children:"8th seminar bonus assignment"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you can implement two tasks, one of them has a bonus part with generic\nsolution."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One is focused on counting ananas or in case of generic version any substring in\nthe file, but with a restriction on the function you use."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Other one has a more algorithmic spirit."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"warning",children:"Warning"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"DO NOT COMMIT test data"})," to your own git repository, since the tests include\nfiles that exceed 10MB by themselves. Even if they are on separate branch, they\ntake up the space."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"testing",children:"Testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For testing you are provided with python script (requires ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"click"})," to be installed:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip3 install --user click"}),") and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Makefile"})," that provides following targets:"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting-bonus"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests with bonus implemented"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check"})," - runs both ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting-bonus"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"clean"})," - removes output files from the test runs"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",children:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your first task is to make smallish program that counts occurences of specific\n(or given) word from file and writes the number to other file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Usage of the program is:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Usage: ./counting [string-to-be-counted]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Arguments that are passed to the program represent:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we count the words"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we output the count"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["(optional argument) ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"[string-to-be-counted]"})," - in case you implement bonus,\notherwise we default to word ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ananas"})," ;)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In skeleton you are given 3 empty, but documented, functions to implement."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," - function accepts input file and substring to be counted in\nthe file, returns the count."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"})," - same as ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),", but specialized for ananases, the\ndefault implementation from the skeleton expects you to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),"\nand therefore it just calls the other function."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"write_number"})," - function that writes the number to the file, why would you\nneed the function is explained later :)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For manipulation with the files you are only allowed to use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fopen"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fclose"}),",\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fgetc"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fputc"}),". Functions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fprintf"})," (except for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"stderr"})," or logging) and\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fscanf"})," are ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"forbidden"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you struggle and want to use one of those functions, the solution will be\npenalized by 50% of points."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bonus-part-075-k",children:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Bonus part of this assignment is to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," rather than ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Smaller hint: This task does not need dynamic allocation :) You just need one\ngood helper function and the right idea ;)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",children:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task we are crossing our paths with ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"algorithms and data structures"}),".\nYour task is to write a program that constructs tree from the file that is given\nas an argument and pretty-prints it."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Input file consists of lines, that include ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"rank"})," in form ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key;rank"}),"\nor ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),". Why would we have ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"})," in a file? The file represents pre-order iteration\nthrough the tree. Leaves never have rank different than 0, so you can safely assume\n2 non-existing ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),"s in the input after you read such node ;)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)("table",{children:[(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Example input file"}),(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Tree it represents"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8;4\n5;3\n3;2\n2;1\n1;0\nnil\n4;0\n7;1\n6;0\nnil\n11;2\n10;1\n9;0\nnil\n12;0\n"})})}),(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"tree",src:t(30073).Z+"",width:"633",height:"684"})})})]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task you are only provided with different trees in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test-trees"})," directory.\nImplementation and format of the pretty-print is totally up to you. :)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example of mine for the tree above:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8 (rank = 4)\n+-- 5 (rank = 3)\n| +-- 3 (rank = 2)\n| | +-- 2 (rank = 1)\n| | | +-- 1 (rank = 0)\n| | +-- 4 (rank = 0)\n| +-- 7 (rank = 1)\n| +-- 6 (rank = 0)\n+-- 11 (rank = 2)\n +-- 10 (rank = 1)\n | +-- 9 (rank = 0)\n +-- 12 (rank = 0)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Can you find out what are those trees? :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},30073:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>i});const i=t.p+"assets/images/tree-c9e37f87f9095c00fad33ea034485ce6.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>c,a:()=>o});var i=t(67294);const s={},r=i.createContext(s);function o(e){const n=i.useContext(r);return i.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function c(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:o(e.components),i.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5634],{58396:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>a,contentTitle:()=>o,default:()=>h,frontMatter:()=>r,metadata:()=>c,toc:()=>l});var i=t(85893),s=t(11151);const r={id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},o="8th seminar bonus assignment",c={id:"bonuses/seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/08.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-08",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/08.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707323940,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 7, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-08",title:"8th seminar",description:"Manipulating with files only char-by-char and a magic tree.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"5th and 6th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06"},next:{title:"10th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-10"}},a={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Warning",id:"warning",level:2},{value:"Testing",id:"testing",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",level:2},{value:"Requirements",id:"requirements",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-075-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",level:2},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",img:"img",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"8th-seminar-bonus-assignment",children:"8th seminar bonus assignment"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you can implement two tasks, one of them has a bonus part with generic\nsolution."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One is focused on counting ananas or in case of generic version any substring in\nthe file, but with a restriction on the function you use."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Other one has a more algorithmic spirit."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"warning",children:"Warning"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"DO NOT COMMIT test data"})," to your own git repository, since the tests include\nfiles that exceed 10MB by themselves. Even if they are on separate branch, they\ntake up the space."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"testing",children:"Testing"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For testing you are provided with python script (requires ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"click"})," to be installed:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip3 install --user click"}),") and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Makefile"})," that provides following targets:"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check-counting-bonus"})," - runs the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," tests with bonus implemented"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"check"})," - runs both ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"counting-bonus"})," tests"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"clean"})," - removes output files from the test runs"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-1-counting-075-k",children:"Task no. 1: Counting (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your first task is to make smallish program that counts occurences of specific\n(or given) word from file and writes the number to other file."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Usage of the program is:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Usage: ./counting [string-to-be-counted]\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Arguments that are passed to the program represent:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we count the words"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:""})," - path to the file where we output the count"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["(optional argument) ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"[string-to-be-counted]"})," - in case you implement bonus,\notherwise we default to word ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"ananas"})," ;)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In skeleton you are given 3 empty, but documented, functions to implement."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," - function accepts input file and substring to be counted in\nthe file, returns the count."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"})," - same as ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),", but specialized for ananases, the\ndefault implementation from the skeleton expects you to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"}),"\nand therefore it just calls the other function."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"write_number"})," - function that writes the number to the file, why would you\nneed the function is explained later :)"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"requirements",children:"Requirements"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["For manipulation with the files you are only allowed to use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fopen"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fclose"}),",\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fgetc"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fputc"}),". Functions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fprintf"})," (except for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"stderr"})," or logging) and\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"fscanf"})," are ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"forbidden"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you struggle and want to use one of those functions, the solution will be\npenalized by 50% of points."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"bonus-part-075-k",children:"Bonus part (0.75 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Bonus part of this assignment is to implement ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_anything"})," rather than ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"count_ananas"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Smaller hint: This task does not need dynamic allocation :) You just need one\ngood helper function and the right idea ;)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"task-no-2-weird-trees-1-k",children:"Task no. 2: Weird trees (1 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task we are crossing our paths with ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"algorithms and data structures"}),".\nYour task is to write a program that constructs tree from the file that is given\nas an argument and pretty-prints it."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Input file consists of lines, that include ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"rank"})," in form ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key;rank"}),"\nor ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),". Why would we have ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"})," in a file? The file represents pre-order iteration\nthrough the tree. Leaves never have rank different than 0, so you can safely assume\n2 non-existing ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"nil"}),"s in the input after you read such node ;)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)("table",{children:[(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Example input file"}),(0,i.jsx)("th",{children:"Tree it represents"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)("tr",{children:[(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8;4\n5;3\n3;2\n2;1\n1;0\nnil\n4;0\n7;1\n6;0\nnil\n11;2\n10;1\n9;0\nnil\n12;0\n"})})}),(0,i.jsx)("td",{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{alt:"tree",src:t(30073).Z+"",width:"633",height:"684"})})})]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In this task you are only provided with different trees in the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"test-trees"})," directory.\nImplementation and format of the pretty-print is totally up to you. :)"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example of mine for the tree above:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"8 (rank = 4)\n+-- 5 (rank = 3)\n| +-- 3 (rank = 2)\n| | +-- 2 (rank = 1)\n| | | +-- 1 (rank = 0)\n| | +-- 4 (rank = 0)\n| +-- 7 (rank = 1)\n| +-- 6 (rank = 0)\n+-- 11 (rank = 2)\n +-- 10 (rank = 1)\n | +-- 9 (rank = 0)\n +-- 12 (rank = 0)\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Can you find out what are those trees? :)"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function h(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},30073:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>i});const i=t.p+"assets/images/tree-c9e37f87f9095c00fad33ea034485ce6.png"},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>c,a:()=>o});var i=t(67294);const s={},r=i.createContext(s);function o(e){const n=i.useContext(r);return i.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function c(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:o(e.components),i.createElement(r.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/a7098721.3c1f60c5.js b/assets/js/a7098721.a1f35504.js similarity index 72% rename from assets/js/a7098721.3c1f60c5.js rename to assets/js/a7098721.a1f35504.js index 95cfb29..e1d7b18 100644 --- a/assets/js/a7098721.3c1f60c5.js +++ b/assets/js/a7098721.a1f35504.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[1050],{26615:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/blog","page":1,"postsPerPage":10,"totalPages":1,"totalCount":8,"blogDescription":"Blog","blogTitle":"Blog"}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[1050],{26615:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/blog","page":1,"postsPerPage":10,"totalPages":1,"totalCount":9,"blogDescription":"Blog","blogTitle":"Blog"}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/aa635a28.56c5b5ee.js b/assets/js/aa635a28.56c5b5ee.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..85ef947 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/aa635a28.56c5b5ee.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[2321],{72820:(t,e,i)=>{i.r(e),i.d(e,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>a,default:()=>c,frontMatter:()=>n,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>u});var o=i(85893),s=i(11151);const n={title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:new Date("2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z"),authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer"}],tags:["lts","linux distributions","support","paywall"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},a=void 0,r={permalink:"/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros",editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md",source:"@site/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md",title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z",formattedDate:"February 7, 2024",tags:[{label:"lts",permalink:"/blog/tags/lts"},{label:"linux distributions",permalink:"/blog/tags/linux-distributions"},{label:"support",permalink:"/blog/tags/support"},{label:"paywall",permalink:"/blog/tags/paywall"}],readingTime:14.515,hasTruncateMarker:!0,authors:[{name:"Matej Focko",email:"me+blog@mfocko.xyz",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer",url:"https://gitlab.com/mfocko",imageURL:"https://github.com/mfocko.png",key:"mf"}],frontMatter:{title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z",authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer"}],tags:["lts","linux distributions","support","paywall"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},unlisted:!1,nextItem:{title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",permalink:"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion"}},l={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},u=[];function d(t){const e={a:"a",em:"em",img:"img",p:"p",...(0,s.a)(),...t.components};return(0,o.jsxs)(o.Fragment,{children:[(0,o.jsx)(e.p,{children:"Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide\nvariety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few."}),"\n",(0,o.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["Some corporations also profit from the support of the \u201cbig\u201d distributions. Let's\ndive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such ",(0,o.jsx)(e.em,{children:"business"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,o.jsxs)(e.p,{children:["This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post:\n",(0,o.jsx)(e.a,{href:"https://hackers.town/@antijingoist/111864760073049505",children:(0,o.jsx)(e.img,{src:"https://cdn.pawb.social/mastodon-fe/media_attachments/files/111/864/549/106/543/961/original/f4dac207fb93ffa8.png",alt:"Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro"})})]})]})}function c(t={}){const{wrapper:e}={...(0,s.a)(),...t.components};return e?(0,o.jsx)(e,{...t,children:(0,o.jsx)(d,{...t})}):d(t)}},11151:(t,e,i)=>{i.d(e,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>a});var o=i(67294);const s={},n=o.createContext(s);function a(t){const e=o.useContext(n);return o.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof t?t(e):{...e,...t}}),[e,t])}function r(t){let e;return e=t.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof t.components?t.components(s):t.components||s:a(t.components),o.createElement(n.Provider,{value:e},t.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/b1288602.e43df2a2.js b/assets/js/b1288602.8bfe3b88.js similarity index 98% rename from assets/js/b1288602.e43df2a2.js rename to assets/js/b1288602.8bfe3b88.js index b7bc352..2b109d7 100644 --- a/assets/js/b1288602.e43df2a2.js +++ b/assets/js/b1288602.8bfe3b88.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[59],{51456:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>h});var r=t(85893),s=t(11151);const o={title:"Submitting merge requests"},i="Submitting merge requests for review",a={id:"mr",title:"Submitting merge requests",description:"This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes",source:"@site/c/mr.md",sourceDirName:".",slug:"/mr",permalink:"/c/mr",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/mr.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707051499,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 4, 2024",frontMatter:{title:"Submitting merge requests"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Practice exam C",permalink:"/c/pexam/cams"}},c={},h=[{value:"Tutorial",id:"tutorial",level:2},{value:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository",id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",level:3},{value:"Step #2 - Create new branch",id:"step-2---create-new-branch",level:3},{value:"Step #3 - Do the assignment",id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",level:3},{value:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab",id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",level:3},{value:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually",id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",level:3},{value:"Step #6 - Set assignees",id:"step-6---set-assignees",level:3},{value:"Step #7 - Return to default branch",id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",level:3}];function l(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"submitting-merge-requests-for-review",children:"Submitting merge requests for review"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes\nthrough ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"})," for review."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The rudimentary idea behind aims for changes to be present on a separate branch\nthat is supposedly ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"merged"})," into the default branch. Till then changes can be reviewed\non ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Request"})," and additional changes may be made based on the reviews. Once\nthe changes satisfy requirements, the merge request is merged."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tutorial",children:"Tutorial"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Use this tutorial only for bonus assignments ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"made by your tutors"})," or in case\nyou need to make up for the absence."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",children:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In your repository (either locally or on aisa) type ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"})," and check if your\nrepository is clean and you are present on the main branch (",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"). If you do not know what your default branch is, it is probably ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),"\nand you should not be on any other branch."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Output of the command should look like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\nOn branch master # Or main or trunk.\nYour branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.\n\nnothing to commit, working tree clean\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are on different branch or there are uncommitted changes,\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"do not continue!!!"})," Clean your repository (commit the changes or discard\nthem), before you continue."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-2---create-new-branch",children:"Step #2 - Create new branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In your repository write command:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git checkout -b BRANCH\nSwitched to a new branch 'BRANCH'\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Instead of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"})," use some reasonable name for the branch. For example if you\nare working on the seminar from 3rd week, name the branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-03"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",children:"Step #3 - Do the assignment"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Download the skeleton for the seminar assignment, extract and program. For example\nif you are working on 3rd seminar, you can do so by:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ wget https://www.fi.muni.cz/pb071/seminars/seminar-03/pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ unzip pb071-seminar-03.zip\n# Now you should have directory 'seminar-03'.\naisa$ rm pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ cd seminar-03\n# You can work on the assignment.\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",children:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The same way you ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"add"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"commit"})," files for the homework assignments, you do for\nthe seminar."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now you can upload the changes to GitLab. ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git push"})," is not enough, since repository\non GitLab does not know your new branch. You can solve this by adding arguments:"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git push origin BRANCH\n...\nremote: To create a merge request for BRANCH, visit:\nremote: https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/login/pb071/merge_requests/new?merge_request%5Bsource_branch%5D=BRANCH\n...\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the output you should have a link for creating a merge request. If you see this\nlink, open it and skip next step."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",children:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Open your repository on GitLab."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["On the left panel click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"New Merge Request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Source branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),", which you created."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Target branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and your default branch you have seen\nin the output of the first command. (most likely ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Compare branches and continue"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-6---set-assignees",children:"Step #6 - Set assignees"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On the page that is opened, please check at the top that you are creating merge\nrequest ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"from"})," your new branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"to"})," your default branch (one of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"}),"\nor ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),")."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Then in the field ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Assignees"})," set your tutors based on the seminar group. You can\nuse login for a quick look up."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In the end click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Submit merge request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",children:"Step #7 - Return to default branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Homework assignments can be submitted only from branches specified in the rules\nfor the course. Because of that, before you do anything else, you should switch\nback to your default branch."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First of all, same as in step #1, check that your repository is clean with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"}),".\nFor the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with command\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git checkout BRANCH"})," switch to your default branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you do not know which branch is your default, try ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git branch"})," that outputs all branches in your repository. Default branch is typically ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", but can\nbe ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\n# Check if repository is clean\n\n# If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.\naisa$ git branch\n# Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or\n# `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.\n# In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can\n# press `q` to quit the pager.\n\naisa$ git checkout master\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Adapted from: ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html",children:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html"})]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,r.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,r.jsx)(l,{...e})}):l(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>i});var r=t(67294);const s={},o=r.createContext(s);function i(e){const n=r.useContext(o);return r.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:i(e.components),r.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[59],{51456:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>c,contentTitle:()=>i,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>a,toc:()=>h});var r=t(85893),s=t(11151);const o={title:"Submitting merge requests"},i="Submitting merge requests for review",a={id:"mr",title:"Submitting merge requests",description:"This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes",source:"@site/c/mr.md",sourceDirName:".",slug:"/mr",permalink:"/c/mr",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/mr.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707323940,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 7, 2024",frontMatter:{title:"Submitting merge requests"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"Practice exam C",permalink:"/c/pexam/cams"}},c={},h=[{value:"Tutorial",id:"tutorial",level:2},{value:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository",id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",level:3},{value:"Step #2 - Create new branch",id:"step-2---create-new-branch",level:3},{value:"Step #3 - Do the assignment",id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",level:3},{value:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab",id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",level:3},{value:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually",id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",level:3},{value:"Step #6 - Set assignees",id:"step-6---set-assignees",level:3},{value:"Step #7 - Return to default branch",id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",level:3}];function l(e){const n={a:"a",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h1:"h1",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",strong:"strong",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,r.jsxs)(r.Fragment,{children:[(0,r.jsx)(n.h1,{id:"submitting-merge-requests-for-review",children:"Submitting merge requests for review"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This tutorial aims to show you how to follow basic git workflow and submit changes\nthrough ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"})," for review."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The rudimentary idea behind aims for changes to be present on a separate branch\nthat is supposedly ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"merged"})," into the default branch. Till then changes can be reviewed\non ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Request"})," and additional changes may be made based on the reviews. Once\nthe changes satisfy requirements, the merge request is merged."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"tutorial",children:"Tutorial"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Use this tutorial only for bonus assignments ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"made by your tutors"})," or in case\nyou need to make up for the absence."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-1---starting-from-the-clean-repository",children:"Step #1 - Starting from the clean repository"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In your repository (either locally or on aisa) type ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"})," and check if your\nrepository is clean and you are present on the main branch (",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"). If you do not know what your default branch is, it is probably ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),"\nand you should not be on any other branch."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Output of the command should look like this:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\nOn branch master # Or main or trunk.\nYour branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.\n\nnothing to commit, working tree clean\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are on different branch or there are uncommitted changes,\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"do not continue!!!"})," Clean your repository (commit the changes or discard\nthem), before you continue."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-2---create-new-branch",children:"Step #2 - Create new branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In your repository write command:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git checkout -b BRANCH\nSwitched to a new branch 'BRANCH'\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Instead of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"})," use some reasonable name for the branch. For example if you\nare working on the seminar from 3rd week, name the branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"seminar-03"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-3---do-the-assignment",children:"Step #3 - Do the assignment"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Download the skeleton for the seminar assignment, extract and program. For example\nif you are working on 3rd seminar, you can do so by:"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ wget https://www.fi.muni.cz/pb071/seminars/seminar-03/pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ unzip pb071-seminar-03.zip\n# Now you should have directory 'seminar-03'.\naisa$ rm pb071-seminar-03.zip\naisa$ cd seminar-03\n# You can work on the assignment.\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-4---commit-and-upload-the-changes-to-gitlab",children:"Step #4 - Commit and upload the changes to GitLab"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The same way you ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"add"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"commit"})," files for the homework assignments, you do for\nthe seminar."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now you can upload the changes to GitLab. ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git push"})," is not enough, since repository\non GitLab does not know your new branch. You can solve this by adding arguments:"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git push origin BRANCH\n...\nremote: To create a merge request for BRANCH, visit:\nremote: https://gitlab.fi.muni.cz/login/pb071/merge_requests/new?merge_request%5Bsource_branch%5D=BRANCH\n...\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the output you should have a link for creating a merge request. If you see this\nlink, open it and skip next step."}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-5---creating-a-merge-request-manually",children:"Step #5 - Creating a merge request manually"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Open your repository on GitLab."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["On the left panel click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Merge Requests"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"New Merge Request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Source branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),", which you created."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["In ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Target branch"})," select ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"login/pb071"})," and your default branch you have seen\nin the output of the first command. (most likely ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),")"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Compare branches and continue"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-6---set-assignees",children:"Step #6 - Set assignees"}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On the page that is opened, please check at the top that you are creating merge\nrequest ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"from"})," your new branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"to"})," your default branch (one of ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"}),"\nor ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),")."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Then in the field ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Assignees"})," set your tutors based on the seminar group. You can\nuse login for a quick look up."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In the end click on ",(0,r.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Submit merge request"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"step-7---return-to-default-branch",children:"Step #7 - Return to default branch"}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Homework assignments can be submitted only from branches specified in the rules\nfor the course. Because of that, before you do anything else, you should switch\nback to your default branch."}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First of all, same as in step #1, check that your repository is clean with ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git status"}),".\nFor the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with command\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git checkout BRANCH"})," switch to your default branch ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"BRANCH"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you do not know which branch is your default, try ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"git branch"})," that outputs all branches in your repository. Default branch is typically ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"master"}),", but can\nbe ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," or ",(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"trunk"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,r.jsx)(n.code,{children:"aisa$ git status\n# Check if repository is clean\n\n# If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.\naisa$ git branch\n# Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or\n# `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.\n# In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can\n# press `q` to quit the pager.\n\naisa$ git checkout master\n"})}),"\n",(0,r.jsx)(n.hr,{}),"\n",(0,r.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Adapted from: ",(0,r.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html",children:"https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html"})]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,r.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,r.jsx)(l,{...e})}):l(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>a,a:()=>i});var r=t(67294);const s={},o=r.createContext(s);function i(e){const n=r.useContext(o);return r.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function a(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:i(e.components),r.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/d05e838c.cab4553d.js b/assets/js/d05e838c.e278ca3a.js similarity index 98% rename from assets/js/d05e838c.cab4553d.js rename to assets/js/d05e838c.e278ca3a.js index c05bb2d..4859e0b 100644 --- a/assets/js/d05e838c.cab4553d.js +++ b/assets/js/d05e838c.e278ca3a.js @@ -1 +1 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6544],{63004:(e,n,r)=>{r.r(n),r.d(n,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>c,default:()=>a,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=r(85893),t=r(11151);const i={id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},c=void 0,o={id:"bonuses/seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/05-06.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-05-06",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/05-06.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707051499,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 4, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"4th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-04"},next:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"}},d={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-05-k",level:4},{value:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",level:3},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",ul:"ul",...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you will implement few functions that will be used together for\nimplementing a very special cipher."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",children:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Write a function ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* reverse(const char* text)"})," that returns copy of the input\nstring in reversed order (also uppercase)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are given ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),", return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example (more in tests):"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char* reversed = reverse("Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", reversed);\n// "!DLROW OLLEH"\n\nif (reversed != NULL) {\n free(reversed);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",children:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Vigen\xe8re cipher is similar to the Caesar cipher, but you also have a key that is\nused for encrypting (or decrypting)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to write two functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for encrypting"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_decrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for decrypting"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In both of those you should return uppercase characters."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Meaning of the parameters you are given:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," - String that represents key that is used for *crypting. It consists of\none word and can have only characters of the alphabet. Does not matter if they\nare uppercase or lowercase."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"text"})," - String that is to be *crypted."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Function returns address of the encrypted (or decrypted) string. Or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"})," in case\nerror occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char *encrypted = vigenere_encrypt("CoMPuTeR", "Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", encrypted);\n// "JSXAI PSINR!"\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted)\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"bonus-part-05-k",children:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you can utilize helper function that would do both encrypting and decrypting,\nyou can gain 0.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Usage of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"true"}),"/",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"false"})," to decide path in code is prohibited. It leads to merging\nof both functions into one. Point of this part is to discover a way to do this\ngenerically in such way that there are no separate paths for one or the other. One\nfunction with no branching for both of them, parametrization is your friend :)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",children:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This is a state of the art crypto. Please do not share :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Split the character that is to be encrypted in halves (4 and 4 bits each)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Bits in 1st half are to be split into pairs. Swap bits in those pairs."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Then use the 4 bits that you created in the 2nd step for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"XOR"})," with the other\n4 bits."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This simple and ingenious principle will be illustrated on the following example.\nString we want to encrypt is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Hello world!"}),". We need to encrypt each letter separately,\nso we will demonstrate on letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," is represented in ASCII as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"})," represented in binary is: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01001000"}),". So first 4 bits are: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"})," and last\n4 bits are ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First half of bits (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"}),") consists of 2 pairs (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00"}),") which we swap\n(",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01 ~> 10"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00 ~> 00"}),"). That way we get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"That half is used for xor with the other 4 bits:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:" 1000 // second half\nXOR 1000 // first half after 2nd step\n--------\n 0000\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now we combine both halves (first one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),", which we got from the 2nd step\nand second one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0000"}),", which we got from the 3rd step) and get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"10000000"}),",\nwhich is encrypted character ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," using this method."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case of decryption, reverse those steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to implement functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bit_encrypt(const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bit_decrypt(const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'unsigned char* encrypted = bit_encrypt("Hello world!");\n\nfor (int i = 0; i < 12;i++) {\n printf("%x ", encrypted[i]);\n //80 9c 95 95 96 11 bc 96 b9 95 9d 10\n}\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",children:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Authors of the BMP cipher are non-disclosed :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Create pair of functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bmp_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bmp_decrypt(const char* key, const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"BMP cipher consists of following steps for encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Reverse the input string"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use Vigenere on the string you got from step #1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use bit madness on the string you got from step #2"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For decrypting, reverse the steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function a(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(h,{...e})}):h(e)}},11151:(e,n,r)=>{r.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>c});var s=r(67294);const t={},i=s.createContext(t);function c(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(t):e.components||t:c(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6544],{63004:(e,n,r)=>{r.r(n),r.d(n,{assets:()=>d,contentTitle:()=>c,default:()=>a,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>o,toc:()=>l});var s=r(85893),t=r(11151);const i={id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},c=void 0,o={id:"bonuses/seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n",source:"@site/c/bonuses/05-06.md",sourceDirName:"bonuses",slug:"/bonuses/seminar-05-06",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-05-06",draft:!1,unlisted:!1,editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/c/bonuses/05-06.md",tags:[],version:"current",lastUpdatedAt:1707323940,formattedLastUpdatedAt:"Feb 7, 2024",frontMatter:{id:"seminar-05-06",title:"5th and 6th seminar",description:"200IQ encryption.\n"},sidebar:"autogeneratedBar",previous:{title:"4th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-04"},next:{title:"8th seminar",permalink:"/c/bonuses/seminar-08"}},d={},l=[{value:"Introduction",id:"introduction",level:2},{value:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",level:3},{value:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"bonus-part-05-k",level:4},{value:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",level:3},{value:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)",id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",level:3},{value:"Submitting",id:"submitting",level:2}];function h(e){const n={a:"a",code:"code",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",hr:"hr",li:"li",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",ul:"ul",...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For this bonus you can get at maximum 2.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"pathname:///files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz",children:"Source"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"introduction",children:"Introduction"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In this bonus you will implement few functions that will be used together for\nimplementing a very special cipher."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-1-reverse-05-k",children:"Task no. 1: Reverse (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Write a function ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* reverse(const char* text)"})," that returns copy of the input\nstring in reversed order (also uppercase)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In case you are given ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),", return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example (more in tests):"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char* reversed = reverse("Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", reversed);\n// "!DLROW OLLEH"\n\nif (reversed != NULL) {\n free(reversed);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-2-vigen\xe8re-05-k",children:"Task no. 2: Vigen\xe8re (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Vigen\xe8re cipher is similar to the Caesar cipher, but you also have a key that is\nused for encrypting (or decrypting)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to write two functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for encrypting"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* vigenere_decrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})," for decrypting"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In both of those you should return uppercase characters."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Meaning of the parameters you are given:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"key"})," - String that represents key that is used for *crypting. It consists of\none word and can have only characters of the alphabet. Does not matter if they\nare uppercase or lowercase."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"text"})," - String that is to be *crypted."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Function returns address of the encrypted (or decrypted) string. Or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"NULL"})," in case\nerror occurs."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'char *encrypted = vigenere_encrypt("CoMPuTeR", "Hello world!");\n\nprintf("%s\\n", encrypted);\n// "JSXAI PSINR!"\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted)\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"bonus-part-05-k",children:"Bonus part (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you can utilize helper function that would do both encrypting and decrypting,\nyou can gain 0.5 K\u20a1."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Usage of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"true"}),"/",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"false"})," to decide path in code is prohibited. It leads to merging\nof both functions into one. Point of this part is to discover a way to do this\ngenerically in such way that there are no separate paths for one or the other. One\nfunction with no branching for both of them, parametrization is your friend :)"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-3-bit-madness-05-k",children:"Task no. 3: Bit madness (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This is a state of the art crypto. Please do not share :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Split the character that is to be encrypted in halves (4 and 4 bits each)."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Bits in 1st half are to be split into pairs. Swap bits in those pairs."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Then use the 4 bits that you created in the 2nd step for ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"XOR"})," with the other\n4 bits."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This simple and ingenious principle will be illustrated on the following example.\nString we want to encrypt is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Hello world!"}),". We need to encrypt each letter separately,\nso we will demonstrate on letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Letter ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," is represented in ASCII as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"72"})," represented in binary is: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01001000"}),". So first 4 bits are: ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"})," and last\n4 bits are ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First half of bits (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0100"}),") consists of 2 pairs (",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00"}),") which we swap\n(",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"01 ~> 10"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"00 ~> 00"}),"). That way we get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),"."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"That half is used for xor with the other 4 bits:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:" 1000 // second half\nXOR 1000 // first half after 2nd step\n--------\n 0000\n"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Now we combine both halves (first one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"1000"}),", which we got from the 2nd step\nand second one is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"0000"}),", which we got from the 3rd step) and get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"10000000"}),",\nwhich is encrypted character ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"H"})," using this method."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case of decryption, reverse those steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Your task is to implement functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bit_encrypt(const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bit_decrypt(const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Example:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-c",children:'unsigned char* encrypted = bit_encrypt("Hello world!");\n\nfor (int i = 0; i < 12;i++) {\n printf("%x ", encrypted[i]);\n //80 9c 95 95 96 11 bc 96 b9 95 9d 10\n}\n\nif (encrypted != NULL) {\n free(encrypted);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"task-no-4-all-combined-to-bmp-05-k",children:"Task no. 4: All combined to BMP (0.5 K\u20a1)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Authors of the BMP cipher are non-disclosed :)"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Create pair of functions:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsigned char* bmp_encrypt(const char* key, const char* text)"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"char* bmp_decrypt(const char* key, const unsigned char* text)"})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"BMP cipher consists of following steps for encrypting:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Reverse the input string"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use Vigenere on the string you got from step #1"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.li,{children:"Use bit madness on the string you got from step #2"}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"For decrypting, reverse the steps."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"submitting",children:"Submitting"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.hr,{})]})}function a(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,t.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(h,{...e})}):h(e)}},11151:(e,n,r)=>{r.d(n,{Z:()=>o,a:()=>c});var s=r(67294);const t={},i=s.createContext(t);function c(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function o(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(t):e.components||t:c(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/d309eaf6.0e21f236.js b/assets/js/d309eaf6.0e21f236.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b9be668 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/d309eaf6.0e21f236.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6995],{54506:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>h,contentTitle:()=>a,default:()=>c,frontMatter:()=>o,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>l});var i=t(85893),s=t(11151);const o={title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:new Date("2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z"),authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer"}],tags:["lts","linux distributions","support","paywall"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},a=void 0,r={permalink:"/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros",editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md",source:"@site/blog/2024-02-07-lts-distros.md",title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z",formattedDate:"February 7, 2024",tags:[{label:"lts",permalink:"/blog/tags/lts"},{label:"linux distributions",permalink:"/blog/tags/linux-distributions"},{label:"support",permalink:"/blog/tags/support"},{label:"paywall",permalink:"/blog/tags/paywall"}],readingTime:14.515,hasTruncateMarker:!0,authors:[{name:"Matej Focko",email:"me+blog@mfocko.xyz",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer",url:"https://gitlab.com/mfocko",imageURL:"https://github.com/mfocko.png",key:"mf"}],frontMatter:{title:"LTS distributions",description:"Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n",date:"2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z",authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. small Fedora maintainer"}],tags:["lts","linux distributions","support","paywall"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},unlisted:!1,nextItem:{title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",permalink:"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion"}},h={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},l=[{value:"Point of linux distributions",id:"point-of-linux-distributions",level:2},{value:"Pain of packaging",id:"pain-of-packaging",level:2},{value:"Packaging whole ecosystems",id:"packaging-whole-ecosystems",level:3},{value:"Paid distributions",id:"paid-distributions",level:2},{value:"Repository structure",id:"repository-structure",level:2},{value:"Ubuntu",id:"ubuntu",level:3},{value:"CentOS",id:"centos",level:3},{value:"Ubuntu Pro",id:"ubuntu-pro",level:2},{value:"RHEL ecosystem",id:"rhel-ecosystem",level:2},{value:"Change in the model",id:"change-in-the-model",level:3},{value:"Before the change",id:"before-the-change",level:4},{value:"After the change",id:"after-the-change",level:4},{value:"Open-source and paid support",id:"open-source-and-paid-support",level:2},{value:"Glossary",id:"glossary",level:2}];function d(e){const n={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",h4:"h4",img:"img",li:"li",mermaid:"mermaid",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",ul:"ul",...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide\nvariety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Some corporations also profit from the support of the \u201cbig\u201d distributions. Let's\ndive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"business"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hackers.town/@antijingoist/111864760073049505",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://cdn.pawb.social/mastodon-fe/media_attachments/files/111/864/549/106/543/961/original/f4dac207fb93ffa8.png",alt:"Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro"})})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Disclaimer",type:"caution",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You may take my opinion with a grain of salt, since I'm affiliated with Red Hat,\nbut at the same time I've also seen the other side of the fence, so I know how\nit works from the perspective of the provider/maintainer."})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you are not very oriented in the matters of Linux distributions and\nmaintaining of packages, I suggest looking at the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#glossary",children:"glossary"})," at the\nend to have a better grasp of the terms that are used throughout the post."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"point-of-linux-distributions",children:"Point of linux distributions"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"First thing I'd like to point out is the point of the Linux distributions. What\nbenefit do they provide? And why there are so many of them\u2026"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As it has been brought up many times by the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"rms"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1-e115ff",id:"user-content-fnref-1-e115ff","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})}),", Linux by itself is not\nenough, it's just the kernel that does the underlying work. We need more\nsoftware to utilize the hardware. That's the gap that Linux distributions bridge\nby providing the Linux and much more other software that we need."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Each distribution is unique in its own way. Some prefer different ways of\nhandling the software (like Gentoo that allows you to compile it yourself) and\nothers stable releases of software (like Debian)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"In the end it mostly boils down to the packaging. I, as a user, want to do\nsomething like"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"$ sudo dnf5 install firefox\n"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"and not bother about anything else. I don't want to open browser to look the\nthing up, download it and then click mindlessly 500\xd7 \u201cNext\u201d. I just want to run\none command and when the maintainers decide it's time to move on, another one to\nupgrade the software to the newer version."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Of course, for some use cases you want to minimize the latter. And even make\nsure that it's safe to do it when you need to. You don't want to break your\nproduction deployment just because someone decided it's time to push something\nout."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["That's when the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"maintainers"})," come in. They take upon themselves the\nresponsibility of maintaining the packages. If you've ever used the Debian, you\nknow very well how ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"old"})," the software is, but that's what you might need for\nyour servers."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"pain-of-packaging",children:"Pain of packaging"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Packaging software ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"is not"})," cost-free. You may as well have 80 % of packages\nthat don't need much care and it's rather easy to push them forward, but those\nremaining, which are complicated and raise issues regularly, will make it up and\ntake a lot of time and also pain."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Libraries are the most common example that might not need much work to be done.\nOn the other hand, Linux kernel itself is a rather complicated machinery that\nis patched ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," and its build process is not simple either."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Even if you consider just those ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"easily-maintainble"})," packages, the process can\nbe tedious, boring and overall time consuming."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Shameless RHEL-based ecosystem plug",type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://packit.dev/",children:"Packit"})," can help tremendously with the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"easily-maintainable"})," packages, since it\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"can"})," be automated."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"packaging-whole-ecosystems",children:"Packaging whole ecosystems"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Now it's time to talk about whole ecosystems that have some kind of a packaging\nby themselves. Yes, I mean Python (with its continuous stream of different\npackage managers), Rust, Go, etc."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Whole point of packaging is to have some form of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"gating"}),". In other words, you\nwant some kind of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"quality control"})," when pushing changes into the Linux distros."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"If you want to package some tool (or even library) from the aforementioned\necosystems, you need to package all of the dependencies to make sure something\ndoesn't get updated in the meantime (and also that you can safely reproduce the\nbuilds, if need be)."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I've tried to package some utilities for EPEL both in Rust and Go. Dependencies\nform a DAG",(0,i.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2-e115ff",id:"user-content-fnref-2-e115ff","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"2"})})," and in case of Rust, it's ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"very"})," similar to the way ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"npm"})," does\nits packaging."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Spoiler alert",type:"danger",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You get a lot of dependencies. And since it's a tree of dependencies, there may\nbe ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," of them."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I have no clue how do the Rust maintainers operate, but I'm tipping my fedora in\ntheir direction, since it must be a ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"pain in the ass"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"paid-distributions",children:"Paid distributions"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can find few Linux distributions that are \u201cpaid\u201d. I'm very well aware of the\nfact I've used quotes around the word, cause it's not that easy and not even\nsame for all of the distributions that involve some kind of a payment."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the first non-free distributions I've come into contact was ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://zorin.com/os/pro/",children:"Zorin OS"})}),"\nwhich basically tries to be the best ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"transition"})," solution when moving away from\nthe Windows or macOS. If you have a look at the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"perks"})," of its ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Pro"})," version\nthat's paid, you may as well decide they are rather questionable\u2026"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It's time to move into the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Ubuntu Pro"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"RHEL"})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"SLE"})," territory. What's the\npoint of those? They definitely offer different kind of, let's say,\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"non-free experience"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"With those you are paying mainly for the support and bug/security patches."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Fun fact",type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There's no mention of any kind of support on the Zorin page\u2026 Apart from the fact\nthat ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"you are supporting"})," the Zorin development."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"repository-structure",children:"Repository structure"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As I have mentioned above, the three ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"services"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-3-e115ff",id:"user-content-fnref-3-e115ff","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"3"})})," I mentioned are providing\nsupport with regards to bugs and security vulnerabilites. Therefore it makes\nsense to have some kind of a process in place when you're pushing changes\n(either updates, patches or ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"security"})," patches) to the distribution. And yes,\nthese processes are ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"in place"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you think about the amount of packages that is present in the community\ndistributions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"archLinux"})," (14,830 packages) or ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Fedora"})," (74,309 packages),\nit is safe to come to a conclusion that ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"there's no way"})," to support all of them."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"archLinux",type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It may seem that archLinux contains rather small set of packages, but one of the\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"killer features"})," of archLinux lies in the AUR (archLinux User Repository) where\nyou can find additional ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"93,283"})," packages."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["That's why the Linux distributions have some structure to their repositories\nthat contain packages. The way you go around this is rather simple, you choose\nsome set of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"critical"})," packages that you guarantee support for (like Linux\nkernel, openSSL, etc.) and maintain those with all the QA processes in place."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Unpopular opinion",type:"caution",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This is also one of the reasons why I'm quite against packaging anything and\neverything into the Linux distribution. In my opinion it is impossible to\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"properly"})," maintain ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"huge"})," set of packages and enforce some kind of\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"quality control"}),"."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"ubuntu",children:"Ubuntu"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Ubuntu has pretty granular structure of their repositories, namely:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," containing the \u201ccore\u201d of the Ubuntu that is maintained by the Canonical,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"universe"})," containing literally the \u201cuniverse\u201d, packages that everyone likes,\nbut they're not crucial, this repo is maintained mostly by the community,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"multiverse"})," containing packages with some license or copyright issues, and"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"restricted"})," containing ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"proprietary"})," packages like nvidia drivers and such."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"By briefly checking my Ubuntu 23.10 installation, here are stats of packages in\ntheir respective repositories:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," with 6,128 packages,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"universe"})," with 63,380 packages,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"multiverse"})," with 997 packages, and finally"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"restricted"})," with 784 packages."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As you can see, if we sum them up, they are relatively similar to the Fedora\nnumbers."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"centos",children:"CentOS"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"CentOS on the other hand has a bit simpler structure with BaseOS for the base\nand AppStream for additional packages:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"baseos"})," with 1,058 packages,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"appstream"})," with 5,646 packages, and"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"extras-common"})," with 42 packages."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Overall they make up the similar number as the Ubuntu's ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"main"})," repository. And\nyou can also notice that there are no additional repositories."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"There's also a CRB (CodeReady Builder) repository with dev packages like headers\nand such."}),(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"And you can also enable EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) which is\ncommunity-supported and provides another 19,903 packages."})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"ubuntu-pro",children:"Ubuntu Pro"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Now it's time to get back to the Ubuntu Pro. There are multiple points that need\nto be taken in account to be either positive or negative about it\u2026"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"We can start with the way Ubuntu is released and maintained. Ubuntu has regular\n6-month release cycle and biannual LTS release. Releases are normally supported\nfor 9 months with the exception of the LTS releases being supported for 5 years."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you check out the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://ubuntu.com/pro/",children:"Ubuntu Pro"})})," website, you can find the following\nstatement:"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"Ubuntu Pro"})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The most comprehensive subscription for open-source software security"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"30-day trial for enterprises. Always free for personal use."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Personal use",type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Ubuntu Pro for ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"personal use"})," consists of 5 installations and in case of the\ncommunity ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"ambassadors"})," 50."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Overall if you try to find what is included in the Ubuntu Pro:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"high and critical patches,"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"10 years of maintenance, and"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"(optional) 24/7 enterprise-grade support."}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If we get back to the screenshot all the way at the beginning of the post:\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://hackers.town/@antijingoist/111864760073049505",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://cdn.pawb.social/mastodon-fe/media_attachments/files/111/864/549/106/543/961/original/f4dac207fb93ffa8.png",alt:"Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro"})})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["and try to look up to which repository the packages mentioned in the screenshot\nbelong, we will find out that they belong to ",(0,i.jsx)(n.code,{children:"universe"})," repository which is\nmaintained by the community. Not to mention nature of the packages: multimedia."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You may think about this as a scam, but considering repository consisting of 70k\npackages, it is not an easy task to do. And with LTS releases we're talking\nabout 5+ years of support."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Fedora",type:"info",children:(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Try to compare this state to Fedora. It also has a 6-month release cycle, but\nthere are no LTS releases and each release is supported only for a year."})}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Common strategy, at this point, is to pull out the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"open-source"}),". Yes, we are\nstill dealing with the open-source, but keep in mind that you're trying to patch\nsome issue in a version that's 5 years old, upstream definitely doesn't care\nanymore",(0,i.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-4-e115ff",id:"user-content-fnref-4-e115ff","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"4"})}),", the development didn't stop 5 years ago, it's going on and fixing\nthis issue in a release from 5 years is not the same as fixing it in the current\nrelease. At this point, if you are paying for such support, you are actually\npaying for someone to do ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"software archaeology"})," which ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"can be"})," ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"non-trivial"}),"\nto do."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["In the case of Ubuntu Pro we're talking about community support and best-effort\nsupport by Canonical for the paying customers. And that makes sense to me,\nrunning LTS distro for 5+ years on a desktop seems like an odd choice, even\nwith the help of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://podman.io/",children:"podman"})})," and ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://distrobox.it/",children:"distrobox"})})," or ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://containertoolbx.org/",children:"toolbx"})})," that allow us to use\nstable or LTS distro as a base and containerized development environments on top\nof that."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"rhel-ecosystem",children:"RHEL ecosystem"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"RHEL ecosystem is much more complicated in this matter. However it's very\nsimilar to the way SUSE operates with few exceptions."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can see a flow diagram here:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.mermaid,{value:"flowchart LR;\n U[upstream] --\x3e FR[Fedora Rawhide];\n FR --\x3e F[Fedora release];\n F --\x3e C[CentOS Stream];\n C --\x3e R[RHEL];"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Key things to take and not to take from the flow diagram:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"getting from one upstream to its respective downstream is not as simple as the\npresence of an arrow and it's not the same process for all of them"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["lengths of the arrows are not proportional, specifically:","\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Fedora Rawhide is ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"supposed to"})," consume updates as soon as possible,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["depending on the decision of the maintainer they can, but ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"don't have to"})," be\nincluded in the currently supported Fedora releases (you can take ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/emacs/",children:"Emacs"})," as\nan example of such package), but Rawhide eventually becomes the next Fedora\nrelease,"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.li,{children:"CentOS Stream gets branched off a specific Fedora release, and then"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["ultimately CentOS Stream becomes the next ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"minor"})," release of RHEL."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["this diagram is simplified by ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"SUSE flow for comparison",type:"tip",children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I'll also include a SUSE flow, so you can compare:"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.mermaid,{value:"flowchart LR;\n U[upstream] --\x3e T[openSUSE Tumbleweed];\n T --\x3e L[openSUSE Leap];\n L --\x3e S[SUSE Linux Enterprise];\n S --\x3e L;"}),(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can notice, as opposed to the RHEL ecosystem, some changes are being\nbackported to the openSUSE Leap."}),(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["However this is subject to change as there is a new ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://susealp.io/",children:"ALP"})," project arising which\nis, more than likely, going to replace the Leap."]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"change-in-the-model",children:"Change in the model"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The flow I've shown above is in effect since late \u201820 and early \u201821. I hope you\ncan see that it is quite similar to the way SUSE operates too. Before late \u201820\nthe flow was following:"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.mermaid,{value:"flowchart LR;\n U[upstream] --\x3e FR[Fedora Rawhide];\n FR --\x3e F[Fedora release];\n F --\x3e R[RHEL];\n R --- C[CentOS];"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"CentOS was the last distribution in that \u201cchain\u201d. This provides some benefits\nand some negatives."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"before-the-change",children:"Before the change"}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"From the point of a developer, unless you have some kind of an early access to\nRHEL, you don't see the changes until they land and are already released. This\nimpairs your ability to test and verify your software before shipping it to your\nclients that use RHEL."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"From the point of a user, there is one positive, you basically get \u201cfree RHEL\u201d\nwithout the support. This also allowed you to report bugs against the RHEL,\nsince they were 1:1 distros (minus the branding and support). So you'd\ntechnically get RHEL free of charge."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Benefit of such project, except for the cost, is questionable. The main issue,\nwhich actually became even more apparent after changing the flow, is someone\nelse repackaging your own product and selling it again."}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h4,{id:"after-the-change",children:"After the change"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["First of all, the current flow counters the issue mentioned above. You can test\nyour projects against the ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"next minor RHEL release"}),". CentOS Stream is free, so\nyou can freely incorporate it into your CI pipelines."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Shameless plug pt. 2",type:"tip",children:[(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Again, ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://packit.dev/",children:"Packit"})," can help you on upstream to verify that you're not breaking your\nRPM builds and on top of that you can also use ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://docs.testing-farm.io/Testing%20Farm/0.1/index.html",children:"Testing Farm"})," to run tests on a\nspecific Fedora or CentOS Stream releases."]}),(0,i.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Green tests may not be green everywhere and catching such issues as soon as\npossible costs much less than catching them further down the chain."}),"\n"]})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There are many people thinking that RHEL has become closed-source. It is not.\nThe development happens ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"out in the open"}),", it's more open that it was before.\nHowever with the cost of not getting the exact same thing for free. You can get\nthe next minor RHEL, not the same that's normally paid for. ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://packit.dev/",children:"Packit"})," is an\nexample of a service that is deployed on the CentOS 9 Stream and even used to be\ndeployed on Fedora, but the regular 6-month release cycle caused some minor\nissues here and there."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Production-ready"})," is something that heavily depends on the context\u2026"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{title:"Free \u201cclones\u201d",type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["After this change so-called ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"free \u201cclones\u201d"})," emerged. I have to admit that in\ncase of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://almalinux.org/",children:"AlmaLinux"})})," I can see some benefits e.g., pushing for live images and\nsupport of various desktop environments, Raspberry Pi support or even WSL images\nbeing present in the M$ Store and easy to install."]})}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"open-source-and-paid-support",children:"Open-source and paid support"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Overall I don't think that paying for the support of 5 years old ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"non-critical"}),"\npackages is going against the open-source. It is a non-trivial work that, in\nmajority of cases, cannot be included in the upstream, therefore the benefit is\nreapt only by the paying customers. I have to admit that in the case of the\nUbuntu Pro it may seem a bit weird (hiding patches behind the paywall). However\nwe're still talking about rather big set of packages that will affect a minority\nof server workloads, if any."]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"glossary",children:"Glossary"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"rolling release"})," - continuously released without \u201csignificant milestones\u201d"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As an example of rolling distribution you can take archLinux, openSUSE\nTumbleweed, Fedora Rawhide, or even CentOS 9 Stream."}),(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As en example of ",(0,i.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"not"})," rolling distribution you can take Ubuntu, openSUSE\nLeap or Fedora."]})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"bleeding edge"})," - contains the latest versions as they are released on the\nupstream"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As an example you can take archLinux, openSUSE Tumbleweed or Fedora Rawhide.\nYou can also notice how common it is to combine ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"rolling release"})," with\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"bleeding edge"}),"."]})}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"upstream"})," & ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"downstream"})]}),"\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You're most likely to meet these terms in the meaning of upstream being the\nproject itself and downstream being the packaging of said project in some\ndistribution."}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["However this can also apply to distributions like ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"openSUSE Tumbleweed"})," with\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"openSUSE Leap"}),", ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Fedora"})," with ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"CentOS Stream"}),", or even ",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"CentOS Stream"})," with\n",(0,i.jsx)(n.em,{children:"RHEL"}),". This basically means that the packages/software is being released into\nthe upstream (Tumbleweed, Fedora, or even CentOS) and then after being tested\nis taken further down into their respective downstreams (Leap, CentOS, RHEL)."]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,i.jsx)(n.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1-e115ff",children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Richard Stallman ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1-e115ff","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-2-e115ff",children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["directed acyclic graph ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2-e115ff","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-3-e115ff",children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Ubuntu Pro is technically a service whereas the RHEL and SLE are distros\nwith the support included. ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-3-e115ff","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 3",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-4-e115ff",children:["\n",(0,i.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There are upstream projects that keep LTS branches, such as Linux kernel,\nbut even in the case of the kernel itself, they're planning on ending it,\nsince the cost outweighs the benefits at this point. ",(0,i.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-4-e115ff","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 4",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function c(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,s.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,i.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,i.jsx)(d,{...e})}):d(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>a});var i=t(67294);const s={},o=i.createContext(s);function a(e){const n=i.useContext(o);return i.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function r(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(s):e.components||s:a(e.components),i.createElement(o.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/e1717305.ac772990.js b/assets/js/e1717305.ac772990.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60edd17 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/e1717305.ac772990.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[70],{96377:e=>{e.exports=JSON.parse('{"permalink":"/blog/tags/support","page":1,"postsPerPage":10,"totalPages":1,"totalCount":1,"blogDescription":"Blog","blogTitle":"Blog"}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/f5d65bd1.fa643b3d.js b/assets/js/f5d65bd1.fa643b3d.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..973f38f --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/f5d65bd1.fa643b3d.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[5617],{66775:s=>{s.exports=JSON.parse('{"label":"support","permalink":"/blog/tags/support","allTagsPath":"/blog/tags","count":1,"unlisted":false}')}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/f71d1f68.4e9ea28c.js b/assets/js/f71d1f68.4e9ea28c.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf73740 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/f71d1f68.4e9ea28c.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6069],{13068:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>a,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>h});var s=t(85893),o=t(11151);const i={title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:new Date("2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z"),authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},a=void 0,r={permalink:"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion",editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",source:"@site/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",formattedDate:"January 28, 2024",tags:[{label:"rust",permalink:"/blog/tags/rust"},{label:"memory safety",permalink:"/blog/tags/memory-safety"},{label:"cult",permalink:"/blog/tags/cult"},{label:"hype",permalink:"/blog/tags/hype"}],readingTime:15.395,hasTruncateMarker:!0,authors:[{name:"Matej Focko",email:"me+blog@mfocko.xyz",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater",url:"https://gitlab.com/mfocko",imageURL:"https://github.com/mfocko.png",key:"mf"}],frontMatter:{title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},unlisted:!1,prevItem:{title:"LTS distributions",permalink:"/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros"},nextItem:{title:"How can Copr help with broken dependencies",permalink:"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"}},l={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},h=[{value:"Memory safety",id:"memory-safety",level:2},{value:"Compiler",id:"compiler",level:3},{value:"Enforcing the safety",id:"enforcing-the-safety",level:3},{value:"Consequences",id:"consequences",level:3},{value:"Development & design",id:"development--design",level:2},{value:"Fast development cycle",id:"fast-development-cycle",level:3},{value:"RFCs",id:"rfcs",level:3},{value:"Community and hype train",id:"community-and-hype-train",level:2},{value:"Rust in Linux",id:"rust-in-linux",level:3},{value:"Packaging",id:"packaging",level:2},{value:"Likes",id:"likes",level:2},{value:"Workflow and toolchain",id:"workflow-and-toolchain",level:3},{value:"Standard library",id:"standard-library",level:3},{value:"unsafe",id:"unsafe",level:3},{value:"Traits",id:"traits",level:3},{value:"Influence of functional paradigm",id:"influence-of-functional-paradigm",level:3},{value:"Macros",id:"macros",level:3},{value:"Summary",id:"summary",level:2}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",img:"img",li:"li",mdxAdmonitionTitle:"mdxAdmonitionTitle",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",ul:"ul",...(0,o.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I've managed to get my\nhands dirty with it during ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://adventofcode.com",children:"Advent of Code"})})," \u201822 and partially \u201823. I've also\nused it for few rounds of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://codeforces.com",children:"Codeforces"})})," and I have to try very hard to maintain\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I'll\ndisclaim up front that I won't be only positive, since this post is a result of\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d"}),", so if you can't stand your favorite language\nbeing criticized in any way, don't even proceed. ","\ud83d\ude09"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"memory-safety",children:"Memory safety"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I'll start by kicking the biggest benefit of the language, the memory safety.\nLet's be honest here, majority of the checks rely on the static analysis, cause\nyou can't do anything else during the compile-time, right? Therefore we can\nbasically say that we are relying on the compiler to \u201csolve\u201d all of our issues."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"warning",children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm not doubting the fact that compiler can prevent ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," of the memory\nerrors, I'm just saying it's not realistic to cover ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"everything"}),"."]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"compiler",children:"Compiler"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I guess we can safely",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-2-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})})," agree on the fact that we 100% rely on the compiler to\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"have our back"}),". Is the compiler bug-free? I doubt it. This is not meant in an\noffensive way to the Rust compiler developers, but we need to be realistic here.\nIt's a compiler, even older and larger projects like ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"gcc"})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"llvm"})," can't avoid\nbugs to appear."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When I was trying out Rust for some of the LeetCode challenges I've stumbled\nupon the following warning:\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://i.imgur.com/NfPLF6o.png",alt:"Example of a compiler bug"})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.mdxAdmonitionTitle,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/59159",children:"Issue"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The issue here comes from the fact that we have 2 simultaneous references to the\nsame memory (one is mutable and one immutable). If you cannot think of any way\nthis can break, I'll give you a rather simple example from C++ where this could\ncause an issue."}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Imagine a function that has some complex object and also calls a coroutine which\nutilizes read-only reference to that object. When the coroutine suspends, the\ncaller can modify the object. This can break the integrity of data read by the\ncoroutine."}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Yes, this ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"can"})," cause a memory error."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Yes, this ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"hasn't"})," been handled until someone noticed it."]}),"\n"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Fixing this bug is not backwards compatible, cause you're covering a case that\nhasn't been covered before."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"enforcing-the-safety",children:"Enforcing the safety"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the ways Rust enforces the safety is by restricting what you can do, like\nthe example above. Aforementioned issue ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"can"})," happen, but ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"doesn't have to"}),".\nRule of the thumb in the Rust compiler is to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"\u201cblock\u201d"})," anything that can be an\nissue, static analysis can't do much more, it cannot decide whether it's safe to\ndo it or not."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Satisfying the Rust compiler is sometimes a brutal pain in the ass, because you\ncannot do things like you're used to, you need to work around them ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"somehow"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Key difference between Rust and C or C++ lies in the fact that Rust chooses to\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"ban"})," all \u201cpotentially offensive\u201d actions, C and C++ ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"relies"})," on ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"you"})," to be\nsure it's safe to do."]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://i.imgur.com/0vbkYPp.png",alt:"C++ v. Rust"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"consequences",children:"Consequences"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Where are we heading with this approach of \u201cif it compiles, it runs\u201d though?\nIn this aspect I have a rather similar opinion as with regards to the ChatGPT\nand its derivatives."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you teach people to 100% depend on the compiler, they will do it, cause it's\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"easy"}),". All you need to do is make the compiler ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"shut up"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-3-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-3-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"2"})}),". Giving up the\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"intellectual masturbation"})," about the memory safety will make you lose your edge\nover the time. When we get to the point of everyone being in the mindset\nmentioned above, who's going to maintain the compiler? This is the place where\nyou ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"need to"})," think about the memory safety and furthermore in a much more\ngeneral way than in your own projects, because it is the thing that everyone\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"blindly believes in"})," in the end."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm not saying that everyone should give up Rust and think about their memory\nmanagement and potential memory issues. I'm just saying that going the easy way\nwill make people ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"dull"})," and they should think about it anyways, that's how the\nissue above has been discovered. If everyone walked past and didn't think about\nit, no one would discover this issue till it bit them hard."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Standard library",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Even the standard library is littered with ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsafe"})," blocks that are prefixed\nwith comments in style:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rs",children:"// SAFETY: \u2026\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The fact that the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"casual"})," Rust dev doesn't have to think much about safety,\ncause the compiler has their back, doesn't mean that the Rust compiler dev\ndoesn't either."]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I gotta admit that I adopted this concept in other languages (even in Python),\ncause you can encounter situations where it doesn't have to be clear ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"why"})," you\ncan do ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"what"})," you're doing."]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"development--design",children:"Development & design"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Development of Rust is\u2026 very fast. One positive is that they're trying to be as\nbackward compatible as possible at least by verifying against all the published\ncrates in the process. Of course, you cannot be backward compatible about fixing\nthe bugs that have been found, but such is life."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"fast-development-cycle",children:"Fast development cycle"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One of the negatives of the fast development cycle is the fact that they're\nusing the latest features already in the next release of the Rust. Yes, it is\nsomething that you can use for verifying and testing your own changes, but at\nthe same time it places a requirement of the latest release to compile the next\none."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you check ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"gcc"})," for example, they have a requirement of minimal version of\ncompiler that you need for the build. Though gcc's requirement is not so ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"needy"}),"\nas the Rust one."]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One of the other negatives is the introduction of bugs. If you're pushing\nchanges, somewhat mindlessly, at such a fast pace, it is inevitable to introduce\na bunch bugs in the process. Checking the GitHub issue tracker with"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"is:issue is:open label:C-bug label:T-compiler\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["yields ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"2,224"})," open issues at the time of writing this post."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"rfcs",children:"RFCs"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can find ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," of RFCs for the Rust. Some of them are more questionable\nthan the others. Fun thing is that a lot of them make it to the nightly builds,\nso they can be tested and polished off. Even the questionable ones\u2026 I'll leave\nfew examples for a better understanding."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of such features is the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"do yeet"})," expression:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"#![feature(yeet_expr)]\n\nfn foo() -> Result {\n do yeet 4;\n}\nassert_eq!(foo(), Err(4));\n\nfn bar() -> Option {\n do yeet;\n}\nassert_eq!(bar(), None);\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It allows you to \u201cyeet\u201d the errors out of the functions that return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Result"})," or\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Option"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3503",children:"One"})," of the more recent ones is\nthe ability to include Cargo manifests into the sources, so you can do something\nlike:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:'#!/usr/bin/env cargo\n---\n[dependencies]\nclap = { version = "4.2", features = ["derive"] }\n---\n\nuse clap::Parser;\n\n#[derive(Parser, Debug)]\n#[clap(version)]\nstruct Args {\n #[clap(short, long, help = "Path to config")]\n config: Option,\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let args = Args::parse();\n println!("{:?}", args);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I would say you can get almost anything into the language\u2026"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"community-and-hype-train",children:"Community and hype train"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Rust community is a rather unique thing. A lot of people will hate me for this,\nbut I can't help, but to compare them to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"militant vegans"}),". I'll go through some\nof the things related to it, so I can support my opinion at least."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Rust is the best language."})," It is not. There is no best language, each has its\nown positives and negatives, you need to choose the language that's ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"the most"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"suitable for your use case"}),". There are areas where Rust excels, though I have\nto admit it's very close to being a universal hammer regardless of how suitable\nit is. There is a very steep learning curve to it, beginnings in Rust are very\npainful."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Rewrite everything in Rust."})," Just no. There are multiple feedbacks on doing\nrewrites, it is very common to fix ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"N"})," bugs with a rewrite while introducing\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"N + 1"})," other bugs in the process. It doesn't solve anything unless there are\nsome strong reasons to go with it. Majority of such suggested rewrites don't\nhave those reasons though."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Language \u2039x\u203a is bad, though in Rust\u2026"})," Cherry-picking one specific pain point of\none language and reflecting how it is better in other language can go both ways.\nFor example it is rather easy to pick the limitations imposed by Rust compiler\nand show how it's possible in other languages ","\ud83e\udd37\u200d\u2642\ufe0f"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I don't mind any of those opinions, you're free to have them, as long as you\ndon't rub them in my face which is not the usual case\u2026 This experience makes it\njust worse for me, part of this post may be also influenced by this fact."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"rust-in-linux",children:"Rust in Linux"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"caution",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As someone who has seen the way Linux kernel is built in the RHEL ecosystem, how\ncomplex the whole thing is and how much resources you need to proceed, I have\nvery strong opinions on this topic."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It took years of work to even \u201cincorporate\u201d Rust into the Linux codebase, just\nto get the \u201cHello World!\u201d. I don't have anything against the idea of writing\ndrivers in the Rust, I bet it can catch a lot of common mistakes, but still\nintroducing Rust to the kernel is another step to enlarge the monster."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I have to admit though that the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Apple GPU"})," driver for Linux written in Rust is\nquite impressive. Apart from that there are not so many benefits, yet\u2026"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"packaging",children:"Packaging"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I'll divide the packaging into the packaging of the language itself and the\nprograms written in Rust."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Let's start with the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo"})," itself though. Package managers of the languages\nusually get a lot of hate (you can take ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"npm"})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip"})," as examples",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-1-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"3"})}),"). If\nyou've ever tried out Rust, I bet you already know where I'm going with this.\nYes, I mean the compilation times, or even Cargo downloading ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"whole"})," index of\ncrates just so you can update that one dependency (and 3 millions of indirect\ndeps). When I was doing AoC \u201822 in Rust, I've set up ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sccache"})," right away on the\nfirst day."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Let's move to the packaging of the Rust itself, it's tedious. Rust has a very\nfast development cycle and doesn't even try to make the builds backward\ncompatible. If there is a new release of Rust, there is a very high chance that\nyou cannot build that release with anything other than ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"the latest"})," Rust\nrelease. If you have ever touched the packaging, you know that this is something\nthat can cause a lot of problems, cause you need the second-to-latest version to\ncompile the latest version, don't forget that this applies inductively\u2026 People\nrunning ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Gentoo"})," could tell you a lot about this."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"info",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Compiling the compilers takes usually more time than compiling the kernel\nitself\u2026"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I cannot speak about packaging of Rust programs in other than RHEL-based\ndistros, though I can speak about RHEL ecosystem. Fedora packaging guidelines\nspecify that you need to build each and every dependency of the program\nseparately. I wanted to try out ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"AlmaLinux"})," and install Alacritty there and I\nfailed miserably. The solution that worked, consisted of ignoring the packaging\nguidelines, running ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo build"})," and consuming the binaries afterwards.\nDependencies of the Rust programs are of a similar nature as JS dependencies."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm tipping my fedora",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-2-e21849-2","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})})," in the general direction of the maintainers of Rust\npackages in RHEL ecosystem. I wouldn't be able to do this without losing my\nsanity."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"likes",children:"Likes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you've come all the way here and you're a Rustacean, I believe I've managed\nto get your blood boiling, so it's time to finish this off by stuff I like about\nRust. I doubt I will be able to cover everything, but I can try at least. You\nhave to admit it's much easier to remember the bad stuff as opposed to the good.\n","\ud83d\ude09"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"workflow-and-toolchain",children:"Workflow and toolchain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I prefered using Rust for the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Advent of Code"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Codeforces"})," as it provides\na rather easy way to test the solutions before running them with the challenge\ninput (or test runner). I can give an example from the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Advent of Code"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use aoc_2023::*;\n\ntype Output1 = i32;\ntype Output2 = Output1;\n\nstruct DayXX {}\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\n fn new>(pathname: P) -> Self {\n let lines: Vec = file_to_lines(pathname);\n\n todo!()\n }\n\n fn part_1(&mut self) -> Output1 {\n todo!()\n }\n\n fn part_2(&mut self) -> Output2 {\n todo!()\n }\n}\n\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\n DayXX::main()\n}\n\ntest_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, 42, 69);\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This was the skeleton I've used and the macro at the end is my own creation that\nexpands to:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"#[cfg(test)]\nmod day_XX {\n use super::*;\n\n #[test]\n fn part_1() {\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(1);\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\n assert_eq!(day.part_1(), 42);\n }\n\n #[test]\n fn part_2() {\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(2);\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\n assert_eq!(day.part_2(), 69);\n }\n}\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When you're solving the problem, all you need to do is switch between\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo test"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo run"})," to check the answer to either sample or the\nchallenge input itself."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Introduce ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dystroy.org/bacon/",children:"bacon"})," and it gets even better. Bacon is a CLI tool that wraps around\nthe ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo"})," and allows you to check, run, lint or run tests on each file save.\nIt's a very pleasant thing for a so-called ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"compiler-assisted"})," development."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Speaking of linting from within the bacon, you cannot leave out the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy",children:"clippy"}),".\nNot only it can whip your ass because of errors, but it can also produce a lot\nof helpful suggestions, for example passing slices by borrow instead of\nborrowing the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Vec"})," itself when you don't need it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"standard-library",children:"Standard library"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There's ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," included in the standard library. It almost feels like you\nhave all you need",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-4-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-4-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"4"})}),". I like placeholders (like ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"todo!()"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unreachable!()"}),",\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unimplemented!()"}),") to the extent of\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders",children:"implementing"})," them as exceptions in C++."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can find almost anything. Though you can also hit some very weird issues\nwith some of the nuances of the type system."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"unsafe",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsafe"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This might be something that people like to avoid as much as possible. However I\nthink that forming a habit of commenting posibly unsafe operations in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"any"}),"\nlanguage is a good habit, as I've mentioned above. You should be able to argue\nwhy you can do something safely, even if the compiler is not kicking your ass\nbecause of it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Excerpt of such comment from work:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-py",children:"# SAFETY: Taking first package instead of specific package should be\n# safe, since we have put a requirement on \xbbone\xab \u2039upstream_project_url\u203a\n# per Packit config, i.e. even if we're dealing with a monorepo, there\n# is only \xbbone\xab upstream. If there is one upstream, there is only one\n# set of GPG keys that can be allowed.\nreturn self.downstream_config.packages[\n self.downstream_config._first_package\n].allowed_gpg_keys\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"traits",children:"Traits"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the other things I like are the traits. They are more restrictive than\ntemplates or concepts in C++, but they're doing their job pretty good. If you\nare building library and require multiple traits to be satisfied it means a lot\nof copy-paste, but that's soon to be fixed by the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1733-trait-alias.md",children:"trait aliases"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Comparing to other languages",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On Wikipedia I've seen trait being defined as a more restrictive type class as\nyou may know it from the Haskell for example. C++ isn't behind either with its\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"constraints and concepts"}),". I would say that we can order them in the following\norder based on the complexity they can express:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Rust's trait < Haskell's type class < C++'s concept\n"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can also hit some issues, like me when trying to support conversions between\nunderlying numeric types of a 2D vectors or support for using an operator from\nboth sides (I couldn't get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"c * u"})," to work in the same way as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u * c"})," because\nthe first one requires you to implement the trait of a built-in type)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Implementation",type:"warning",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Implementing traits lies in"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"impl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {\n // implementation goes here\n}\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the things I ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"would love to"})," see is being able to define the helper\nfunctions within the same block. As of now, the only things allowed are the ones\nthat are required by the trait, which in the end results in a randomly lying\nfunctions around (or in a implementation of the structure itself). I don't like\nthis mess at all\u2026"]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"influence-of-functional-paradigm",children:"Influence of functional paradigm"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can see a big influence of the functional paradigm. Not only in iterators,\nbut also in the other parts of the language. For example I prefer ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Option"})," or\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Result"})," to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"null"}),"s and exceptions. Pattern matching together with\ncompiler both enforces handling of the errors and rather user-friendly way of\ndoing it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Not to mention ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:".and_then()"})," and such. However spending most of the time with\nthe AoC you get pretty annoyed of the repetitive ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:".unwrap()"})," during parsing,\nsince you are guaranteed correct input."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"macros",children:"Macros"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Macros are a very strong pro of the Rust. And no, we're not going to talk about\nthe procedural macros\u2026"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As I've shown above I've managed to \u201ctame\u201d a lot of copy-paste in the tests for\nthe AoC by utilizing a macro that generated a very basic template for the tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As I have mentioned the traits above, I cannot forget to give props to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"derive"}),"\nmacro that allows you to \u201cdeduce\u201d the default implementation. It is very helpful\nfor a tedious tasks like implementing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Debug"})," (for printing out the structures)\nor comparisons, though with the comparisons you need to be careful about the\ndefault implementation, it has already bitten me once or twice."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"summary",children:"Summary"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Overall there are many things about the Rust I like and would love to see them\nimplemented in other languages. However there are also many things I don't like.\nNothing is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"exclusively"})," black and white."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-2-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["pun intended ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})," ",(0,s.jsxs)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2-e21849-2","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1-2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:["\u21a9",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:"2"})]})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-3-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It's not that easy with the Rust compiler, but OK\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-3-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["not to even mention multiple different packaging standards Python has, which\nis borderline ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://xkcd.com/927/",children:"https://xkcd.com/927/"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 3",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-4-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["unlike Python where there's whole universe in the language itself, yet there\nare essential things not present\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-4-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 4",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,o.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>a});var s=t(67294);const o={},i=s.createContext(o);function a(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function r(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(o):e.components||o:a(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/f71d1f68.85b5bd29.js b/assets/js/f71d1f68.85b5bd29.js deleted file mode 100644 index dfb193c..0000000 --- a/assets/js/f71d1f68.85b5bd29.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -"use strict";(self.webpackChunkfi=self.webpackChunkfi||[]).push([[6069],{13068:(e,n,t)=>{t.r(n),t.d(n,{assets:()=>l,contentTitle:()=>a,default:()=>d,frontMatter:()=>i,metadata:()=>r,toc:()=>h});var s=t(85893),o=t(11151);const i={title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:new Date("2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z"),authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},a=void 0,r={permalink:"/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion",editUrl:"https://github.com/mfocko/blog/tree/main/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",source:"@site/blog/2024-01-28-rust-opinion.md",title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",formattedDate:"January 28, 2024",tags:[{label:"rust",permalink:"/blog/tags/rust"},{label:"memory safety",permalink:"/blog/tags/memory-safety"},{label:"cult",permalink:"/blog/tags/cult"},{label:"hype",permalink:"/blog/tags/hype"}],readingTime:15.395,hasTruncateMarker:!0,authors:[{name:"Matej Focko",email:"me+blog@mfocko.xyz",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater",url:"https://gitlab.com/mfocko",imageURL:"https://github.com/mfocko.png",key:"mf"}],frontMatter:{title:"Mixed feelings on Rust",description:"Discussing my mixed feelings about the Rust language.\n",date:"2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z",authors:[{key:"mf",title:"a.k.a. passionate language hater"}],tags:["rust","memory safety","cult","hype"],hide_table_of_contents:!1},unlisted:!1,nextItem:{title:"How can Copr help with broken dependencies",permalink:"/blog/2023/08/02/copr"}},l={authorsImageUrls:[void 0]},h=[{value:"Memory safety",id:"memory-safety",level:2},{value:"Compiler",id:"compiler",level:3},{value:"Enforcing the safety",id:"enforcing-the-safety",level:3},{value:"Consequences",id:"consequences",level:3},{value:"Development & design",id:"development--design",level:2},{value:"Fast development cycle",id:"fast-development-cycle",level:3},{value:"RFCs",id:"rfcs",level:3},{value:"Community and hype train",id:"community-and-hype-train",level:2},{value:"Rust in Linux",id:"rust-in-linux",level:3},{value:"Packaging",id:"packaging",level:2},{value:"Likes",id:"likes",level:2},{value:"Workflow and toolchain",id:"workflow-and-toolchain",level:3},{value:"Standard library",id:"standard-library",level:3},{value:"unsafe",id:"unsafe",level:3},{value:"Traits",id:"traits",level:3},{value:"Influence of functional paradigm",id:"influence-of-functional-paradigm",level:3},{value:"Macros",id:"macros",level:3},{value:"Summary",id:"summary",level:2}];function c(e){const n={a:"a",admonition:"admonition",blockquote:"blockquote",code:"code",em:"em",h2:"h2",h3:"h3",img:"img",li:"li",mdxAdmonitionTitle:"mdxAdmonitionTitle",ol:"ol",p:"p",pre:"pre",section:"section",strong:"strong",sup:"sup",ul:"ul",...(0,o.a)(),...e.components};return(0,s.jsxs)(s.Fragment,{children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I've managed to get my\nhands dirty with it during ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://adventofcode.com",children:"Advent of Code"})})," \u201822 and partially \u201823. I've also\nused it for few rounds of ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://codeforces.com",children:"Codeforces"})})," and I have to try very hard to maintain\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I'll\ndisclaim up front that I won't be only positive, since this post is a result of\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"\u201cAll that glitters is not gold\u201d"}),", so if you can't stand your favorite language\nbeing criticized in any way, don't even proceed. ","\ud83d\ude09"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"memory-safety",children:"Memory safety"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I'll start by kicking the biggest benefit of the language, the memory safety.\nLet's be honest here, majority of the checks rely on the static analysis, cause\nyou can't do anything else during the compile-time, right? Therefore we can\nbasically say that we are relying on the compiler to \u201csolve\u201d all of our issues."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"warning",children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm not doubting the fact that compiler can prevent ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," of the memory\nerrors, I'm just saying it's not realistic to cover ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"everything"}),"."]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"compiler",children:"Compiler"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I guess we can safely",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-2-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})})," agree on the fact that we 100% rely on the compiler to\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"have our back"}),". Is the compiler bug-free? I doubt it. This is not meant in an\noffensive way to the Rust compiler developers, but we need to be realistic here.\nIt's a compiler, even older and larger projects like ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"gcc"})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"llvm"})," can't avoid\nbugs to appear."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When I was trying out Rust for some of the LeetCode challenges I've stumbled\nupon the following warning:\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://i.imgur.com/NfPLF6o.png",alt:"Example of a compiler bug"})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"danger",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.mdxAdmonitionTitle,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/59159",children:"Issue"})}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"The issue here comes from the fact that we have 2 simultaneous references to the\nsame memory (one is mutable and one immutable). If you cannot think of any way\nthis can break, I'll give you a rather simple example from C++ where this could\ncause an issue."}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Imagine a function that has some complex object and also calls a coroutine which\nutilizes read-only reference to that object. When the coroutine suspends, the\ncaller can modify the object. This can break the integrity of data read by the\ncoroutine."}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.ul,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Yes, this ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"can"})," cause a memory error."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{children:["Yes, this ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"hasn't"})," been handled until someone noticed it."]}),"\n"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Fixing this bug is not backwards compatible, cause you're covering a case that\nhasn't been covered before."})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"enforcing-the-safety",children:"Enforcing the safety"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the ways Rust enforces the safety is by restricting what you can do, like\nthe example above. Aforementioned issue ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"can"})," happen, but ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"doesn't have to"}),".\nRule of the thumb in the Rust compiler is to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"\u201cblock\u201d"})," anything that can be an\nissue, static analysis can't do much more, it cannot decide whether it's safe to\ndo it or not."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Satisfying the Rust compiler is sometimes a brutal pain in the ass, because you\ncannot do things like you're used to, you need to work around them ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"somehow"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Key difference between Rust and C or C++ lies in the fact that Rust chooses to\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"ban"})," all \u201cpotentially offensive\u201d actions, C and C++ ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"relies"})," on ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"you"})," to be\nsure it's safe to do."]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.img,{src:"https://i.imgur.com/0vbkYPp.png",alt:"C++ v. Rust"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"consequences",children:"Consequences"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Where are we heading with this approach of \u201cif it compiles, it runs\u201d though?\nIn this aspect I have a rather similar opinion as with regards to the ChatGPT\nand its derivatives."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you teach people to 100% depend on the compiler, they will do it, cause it's\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"easy"}),". All you need to do is make the compiler ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"shut up"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-3-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-3-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"2"})}),". Giving up the\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"intellectual masturbation"})," about the memory safety will make you lose your edge\nover the time. When we get to the point of everyone being in the mindset\nmentioned above, who's going to maintain the compiler? This is the place where\nyou ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"need to"})," think about the memory safety and furthermore in a much more\ngeneral way than in your own projects, because it is the thing that everyone\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"blindly believes in"})," in the end."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm not saying that everyone should give up Rust and think about their memory\nmanagement and potential memory issues. I'm just saying that going the easy way\nwill make people ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"dull"})," and they should think about it anyways, that's how the\nissue above has been discovered. If everyone walked past and didn't think about\nit, no one would discover this issue till it bit them hard."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Standard library",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Even the standard library is littered with ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsafe"})," blocks that are prefixed\nwith comments in style:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rs",children:"// SAFETY: \u2026\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["The fact that the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"casual"})," Rust dev doesn't have to think much about safety,\ncause the compiler has their back, doesn't mean that the Rust compiler dev\ndoesn't either."]}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I gotta admit that I adopted this concept in other languages (even in Python),\ncause you can encounter situations where it doesn't have to be clear ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"why"})," you\ncan do ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"what"})," you're doing."]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"development--design",children:"Development & design"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Development of Rust is\u2026 very fast. One positive is that they're trying to be as\nbackward compatible as possible at least by verifying against all the published\ncrates in the process. Of course, you cannot be backward compatible about fixing\nthe bugs that have been found, but such is life."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"fast-development-cycle",children:"Fast development cycle"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One of the negatives of the fast development cycle is the fact that they're\nusing the latest features already in the next release of the Rust. Yes, it is\nsomething that you can use for verifying and testing your own changes, but at\nthe same time it places a requirement of the latest release to compile the next\none."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"tip",children:(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you check ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"gcc"})," for example, they have a requirement of minimal version of\ncompiler that you need for the build. Though gcc's requirement is not so ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"needy"}),"\nas the Rust one."]})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"One of the other negatives is the introduction of bugs. If you're pushing\nchanges, somewhat mindlessly, at such a fast pace, it is inevitable to introduce\na bunch bugs in the process. Checking the GitHub issue tracker with"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"is:issue is:open label:C-bug label:T-compiler\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["yields ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"2,224"})," open issues at the time of writing this post."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"rfcs",children:"RFCs"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can find ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," of RFCs for the Rust. Some of them are more questionable\nthan the others. Fun thing is that a lot of them make it to the nightly builds,\nso they can be tested and polished off. Even the questionable ones\u2026 I'll leave\nfew examples for a better understanding."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of such features is the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"do yeet"})," expression:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"#![feature(yeet_expr)]\n\nfn foo() -> Result {\n do yeet 4;\n}\nassert_eq!(foo(), Err(4));\n\nfn bar() -> Option {\n do yeet;\n}\nassert_eq!(bar(), None);\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It allows you to \u201cyeet\u201d the errors out of the functions that return ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Result"})," or\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Option"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3503",children:"One"})," of the more recent ones is\nthe ability to include Cargo manifests into the sources, so you can do something\nlike:"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:'#!/usr/bin/env cargo\n---\n[dependencies]\nclap = { version = "4.2", features = ["derive"] }\n---\n\nuse clap::Parser;\n\n#[derive(Parser, Debug)]\n#[clap(version)]\nstruct Args {\n #[clap(short, long, help = "Path to config")]\n config: Option,\n}\n\nfn main() {\n let args = Args::parse();\n println!("{:?}", args);\n}\n'})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I would say you can get almost anything into the language\u2026"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"community-and-hype-train",children:"Community and hype train"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Rust community is a rather unique thing. A lot of people will hate me for this,\nbut I can't help, but to compare them to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"militant vegans"}),". I'll go through some\nof the things related to it, so I can support my opinion at least."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Rust is the best language."})," It is not. There is no best language, each has its\nown positives and negatives, you need to choose the language that's ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"the most"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"suitable for your use case"}),". There are areas where Rust excels, though I have\nto admit it's very close to being a universal hammer regardless of how suitable\nit is. There is a very steep learning curve to it, beginnings in Rust are very\npainful."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Rewrite everything in Rust."})," Just no. There are multiple feedbacks on doing\nrewrites, it is very common to fix ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"N"})," bugs with a rewrite while introducing\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"N + 1"})," other bugs in the process. It doesn't solve anything unless there are\nsome strong reasons to go with it. Majority of such suggested rewrites don't\nhave those reasons though."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Language \u2039x\u203a is bad, though in Rust\u2026"})," Cherry-picking one specific pain point of\none language and reflecting how it is better in other language can go both ways.\nFor example it is rather easy to pick the limitations imposed by Rust compiler\nand show how it's possible in other languages ","\ud83e\udd37\u200d\u2642\ufe0f"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I don't mind any of those opinions, you're free to have them, as long as you\ndon't rub them in my face which is not the usual case\u2026 This experience makes it\njust worse for me, part of this post may be also influenced by this fact."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"rust-in-linux",children:"Rust in Linux"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"caution",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As someone who has seen the way Linux kernel is built in the RHEL ecosystem, how\ncomplex the whole thing is and how much resources you need to proceed, I have\nvery strong opinions on this topic."})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"It took years of work to even \u201cincorporate\u201d Rust into the Linux codebase, just\nto get the \u201cHello World!\u201d. I don't have anything against the idea of writing\ndrivers in the Rust, I bet it can catch a lot of common mistakes, but still\nintroducing Rust to the kernel is another step to enlarge the monster."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I have to admit though that the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Apple GPU"})," driver for Linux written in Rust is\nquite impressive. Apart from that there are not so many benefits, yet\u2026"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"packaging",children:"Packaging"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"I'll divide the packaging into the packaging of the language itself and the\nprograms written in Rust."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Let's start with the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo"})," itself though. Package managers of the languages\nusually get a lot of hate (you can take ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"npm"})," or ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"pip"})," as examples",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-1-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-1-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"3"})}),"). If\nyou've ever tried out Rust, I bet you already know where I'm going with this.\nYes, I mean the compilation times, or even Cargo downloading ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"whole"})," index of\ncrates just so you can update that one dependency (and 3 millions of indirect\ndeps). When I was doing AoC \u201822 in Rust, I've set up ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"sccache"})," right away on the\nfirst day."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Let's move to the packaging of the Rust itself, it's tedious. Rust has a very\nfast development cycle and doesn't even try to make the builds backward\ncompatible. If there is a new release of Rust, there is a very high chance that\nyou cannot build that release with anything other than ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"the latest"})," Rust\nrelease. If you have ever touched the packaging, you know that this is something\nthat can cause a lot of problems, cause you need the second-to-latest version to\ncompile the latest version, don't forget that this applies inductively\u2026 People\nrunning ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Gentoo"})," could tell you a lot about this."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.admonition,{type:"info",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Compiling the compilers takes usually more time than compiling the kernel\nitself\u2026"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I cannot speak about packaging of Rust programs in other than RHEL-based\ndistros, though I can speak about RHEL ecosystem. Fedora packaging guidelines\nspecify that you need to build each and every dependency of the program\nseparately. I wanted to try out ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"AlmaLinux"})," and install Alacritty there and I\nfailed miserably. The solution that worked, consisted of ignoring the packaging\nguidelines, running ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo build"})," and consuming the binaries afterwards.\nDependencies of the Rust programs are of a similar nature as JS dependencies."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.blockquote,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I'm tipping my fedora",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-2-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-2-e21849-2","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"1"})})," in the general direction of the maintainers of Rust\npackages in RHEL ecosystem. I wouldn't be able to do this without losing my\nsanity."]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"likes",children:"Likes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["If you've come all the way here and you're a Rustacean, I believe I've managed\nto get your blood boiling, so it's time to finish this off by stuff I like about\nRust. I doubt I will be able to cover everything, but I can try at least. You\nhave to admit it's much easier to remember the bad stuff as opposed to the good.\n","\ud83d\ude09"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"workflow-and-toolchain",children:"Workflow and toolchain"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["I prefered using Rust for the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Advent of Code"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Codeforces"})," as it provides\na rather easy way to test the solutions before running them with the challenge\ninput (or test runner). I can give an example from the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"Advent of Code"}),":"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"use aoc_2023::*;\n\ntype Output1 = i32;\ntype Output2 = Output1;\n\nstruct DayXX {}\nimpl Solution for DayXX {\n fn new>(pathname: P) -> Self {\n let lines: Vec = file_to_lines(pathname);\n\n todo!()\n }\n\n fn part_1(&mut self) -> Output1 {\n todo!()\n }\n\n fn part_2(&mut self) -> Output2 {\n todo!()\n }\n}\n\nfn main() -> Result<()> {\n DayXX::main()\n}\n\ntest_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, 42, 69);\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"This was the skeleton I've used and the macro at the end is my own creation that\nexpands to:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"#[cfg(test)]\nmod day_XX {\n use super::*;\n\n #[test]\n fn part_1() {\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(1);\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\n assert_eq!(day.part_1(), 42);\n }\n\n #[test]\n fn part_2() {\n let path = DayXX::get_sample(2);\n let mut day = DayXX::new(path);\n assert_eq!(day.part_2(), 69);\n }\n}\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["When you're solving the problem, all you need to do is switch between\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo test"})," and ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo run"})," to check the answer to either sample or the\nchallenge input itself."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Introduce ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://dystroy.org/bacon/",children:"bacon"})," and it gets even better. Bacon is a CLI tool that wraps around\nthe ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"cargo"})," and allows you to check, run, lint or run tests on each file save.\nIt's a very pleasant thing for a so-called ",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"compiler-assisted"})," development."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Speaking of linting from within the bacon, you cannot leave out the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy",children:"clippy"}),".\nNot only it can whip your ass because of errors, but it can also produce a lot\nof helpful suggestions, for example passing slices by borrow instead of\nborrowing the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Vec"})," itself when you don't need it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"standard-library",children:"Standard library"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["There's ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"a lot"})," included in the standard library. It almost feels like you\nhave all you need",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fn-4-e21849",id:"user-content-fnref-4-e21849","data-footnote-ref":!0,"aria-describedby":"footnote-label",children:"4"})}),". I like placeholders (like ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"todo!()"}),", ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unreachable!()"}),",\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unimplemented!()"}),") to the extent of\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders",children:"implementing"})," them as exceptions in C++."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"You can find almost anything. Though you can also hit some very weird issues\nwith some of the nuances of the type system."}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"unsafe",children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"unsafe"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["This might be something that people like to avoid as much as possible. However I\nthink that forming a habit of commenting posibly unsafe operations in ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"any"}),"\nlanguage is a good habit, as I've mentioned above. You should be able to argue\nwhy you can do something safely, even if the compiler is not kicking your ass\nbecause of it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Excerpt of such comment from work:"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-py",children:"# SAFETY: Taking first package instead of specific package should be\n# safe, since we have put a requirement on \xbbone\xab \u2039upstream_project_url\u203a\n# per Packit config, i.e. even if we're dealing with a monorepo, there\n# is only \xbbone\xab upstream. If there is one upstream, there is only one\n# set of GPG keys that can be allowed.\nreturn self.downstream_config.packages[\n self.downstream_config._first_package\n].allowed_gpg_keys\n"})}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"traits",children:"Traits"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the other things I like are the traits. They are more restrictive than\ntemplates or concepts in C++, but they're doing their job pretty good. If you\nare building library and require multiple traits to be satisfied it means a lot\nof copy-paste, but that's soon to be fixed by the ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1733-trait-alias.md",children:"trait aliases"}),"."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Comparing to other languages",type:"tip",children:[(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["On Wikipedia I've seen trait being defined as a more restrictive type class as\nyou may know it from the Haskell for example. C++ isn't behind either with its\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.em,{children:"constraints and concepts"}),". I would say that we can order them in the following\norder based on the complexity they can express:"]}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Rust's trait < Haskell's type class < C++'s concept\n"})})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can also hit some issues, like me when trying to support conversions between\nunderlying numeric types of a 2D vectors or support for using an operator from\nboth sides (I couldn't get ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"c * u"})," to work in the same way as ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"u * c"})," because\nthe first one requires you to implement the trait of a built-in type)."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.admonition,{title:"Implementation",type:"warning",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Implementing traits lies in"}),(0,s.jsx)(n.pre,{children:(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{className:"language-rust",children:"impl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {\n // implementation goes here\n}\n"})}),(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["One of the things I ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"would love to"})," see is being able to define the helper\nfunctions within the same block. As of now, the only things allowed are the ones\nthat are required by the trait, which in the end results in a randomly lying\nfunctions around (or in a implementation of the structure itself). I don't like\nthis mess at all\u2026"]})]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"influence-of-functional-paradigm",children:"Influence of functional paradigm"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["You can see a big influence of the functional paradigm. Not only in iterators,\nbut also in the other parts of the language. For example I prefer ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Option"})," or\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Result"})," to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"null"}),"s and exceptions. Pattern matching together with\ncompiler both enforces handling of the errors and rather user-friendly way of\ndoing it."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Not to mention ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:".and_then()"})," and such. However spending most of the time with\nthe AoC you get pretty annoyed of the repetitive ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:".unwrap()"})," during parsing,\nsince you are guaranteed correct input."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h3,{id:"macros",children:"Macros"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"Macros are a very strong pro of the Rust. And no, we're not going to talk about\nthe procedural macros\u2026"}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.p,{children:"As I've shown above I've managed to \u201ctame\u201d a lot of copy-paste in the tests for\nthe AoC by utilizing a macro that generated a very basic template for the tests."}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["As I have mentioned the traits above, I cannot forget to give props to ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"derive"}),"\nmacro that allows you to \u201cdeduce\u201d the default implementation. It is very helpful\nfor a tedious tasks like implementing ",(0,s.jsx)(n.code,{children:"Debug"})," (for printing out the structures)\nor comparisons, though with the comparisons you need to be careful about the\ndefault implementation, it has already bitten me once or twice."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{id:"summary",children:"Summary"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["Overall there are many things about the Rust I like and would love to see them\nimplemented in other languages. However there are also many things I don't like.\nNothing is ",(0,s.jsx)(n.strong,{children:"exclusively"})," black and white."]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.section,{"data-footnotes":!0,className:"footnotes",children:[(0,s.jsx)(n.h2,{className:"sr-only",id:"footnote-label",children:"Footnotes"}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.ol,{children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-2-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["pun intended ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})," ",(0,s.jsxs)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-2-e21849-2","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 1-2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:["\u21a9",(0,s.jsx)(n.sup,{children:"2"})]})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-3-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["It's not that easy with the Rust compiler, but OK\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-3-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 2",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-1-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["not to even mention multiple different packaging standards Python has, which\nis borderline ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"https://xkcd.com/927/",children:"https://xkcd.com/927/"})," ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-1-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 3",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.li,{id:"user-content-fn-4-e21849",children:["\n",(0,s.jsxs)(n.p,{children:["unlike Python where there's whole universe in the language itself, yet there\nare essential things not present\u2026 ",(0,s.jsx)(n.a,{href:"#user-content-fnref-4-e21849","data-footnote-backref":"","aria-label":"Back to reference 4",className:"data-footnote-backref",children:"\u21a9"})]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]}),"\n"]})]})}function d(e={}){const{wrapper:n}={...(0,o.a)(),...e.components};return n?(0,s.jsx)(n,{...e,children:(0,s.jsx)(c,{...e})}):c(e)}},11151:(e,n,t)=>{t.d(n,{Z:()=>r,a:()=>a});var s=t(67294);const o={},i=s.createContext(o);function a(e){const n=s.useContext(i);return s.useMemo((function(){return"function"==typeof e?e(n):{...n,...e}}),[n,e])}function r(e){let n;return n=e.disableParentContext?"function"==typeof e.components?e.components(o):e.components||o:a(e.components),s.createElement(i.Provider,{value:n},e.children)}}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/main.65a0bc7b.js b/assets/js/main.65a0bc7b.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee32173 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/main.65a0bc7b.js @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +/*! 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    +
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros/index.html b/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c748ed --- /dev/null +++ b/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,322 @@ + + + + + +LTS distributions | mf + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

    LTS distributions

    · 15 min read
    Matej Focko

    Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide +variety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few.

    +

    Some corporations also profit from the support of the “big” distributions. Let's +dive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such business.

    +

    This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post: +Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro

    +
    Disclaimer

    You may take my opinion with a grain of salt, since I'm affiliated with Red Hat, +but at the same time I've also seen the other side of the fence, so I know how +it works from the perspective of the provider/maintainer.

    +
    tip

    If you are not very oriented in the matters of Linux distributions and +maintaining of packages, I suggest looking at the glossary at the +end to have a better grasp of the terms that are used throughout the post.

    +

    Point of linux distributions​

    +

    First thing I'd like to point out is the point of the Linux distributions. What +benefit do they provide? And why there are so many of them…

    +

    As it has been brought up many times by the rms1, Linux by itself is not +enough, it's just the kernel that does the underlying work. We need more +software to utilize the hardware. That's the gap that Linux distributions bridge +by providing the Linux and much more other software that we need.

    +

    Each distribution is unique in its own way. Some prefer different ways of +handling the software (like Gentoo that allows you to compile it yourself) and +others stable releases of software (like Debian).

    +

    In the end it mostly boils down to the packaging. I, as a user, want to do +something like

    +
    $ sudo dnf5 install firefox
    +

    and not bother about anything else. I don't want to open browser to look the +thing up, download it and then click mindlessly 500× “Next”. I just want to run +one command and when the maintainers decide it's time to move on, another one to +upgrade the software to the newer version.

    +

    Of course, for some use cases you want to minimize the latter. And even make +sure that it's safe to do it when you need to. You don't want to break your +production deployment just because someone decided it's time to push something +out.

    +

    That's when the maintainers come in. They take upon themselves the +responsibility of maintaining the packages. If you've ever used the Debian, you +know very well how old the software is, but that's what you might need for +your servers.

    +

    Pain of packaging​

    +

    Packaging software is not cost-free. You may as well have 80 % of packages +that don't need much care and it's rather easy to push them forward, but those +remaining, which are complicated and raise issues regularly, will make it up and +take a lot of time and also pain.

    +

    Libraries are the most common example that might not need much work to be done. +On the other hand, Linux kernel itself is a rather complicated machinery that +is patched a lot and its build process is not simple either.

    +

    Even if you consider just those easily-maintainble packages, the process can +be tedious, boring and overall time consuming.

    +
    Shameless RHEL-based ecosystem plug

    Packit can help tremendously with the easily-maintainable packages, since it +can be automated.

    +

    Packaging whole ecosystems​

    +

    Now it's time to talk about whole ecosystems that have some kind of a packaging +by themselves. Yes, I mean Python (with its continuous stream of different +package managers), Rust, Go, etc.

    +

    Whole point of packaging is to have some form of gating. In other words, you +want some kind of quality control when pushing changes into the Linux distros.

    +

    If you want to package some tool (or even library) from the aforementioned +ecosystems, you need to package all of the dependencies to make sure something +doesn't get updated in the meantime (and also that you can safely reproduce the +builds, if need be).

    +

    I've tried to package some utilities for EPEL both in Rust and Go. Dependencies +form a DAG2 and in case of Rust, it's very similar to the way npm does +its packaging.

    +
    Spoiler alert

    You get a lot of dependencies. And since it's a tree of dependencies, there may +be a lot of them.

    +

    I have no clue how do the Rust maintainers operate, but I'm tipping my fedora in +their direction, since it must be a pain in the ass.

    + +

    You can find few Linux distributions that are “paid”. I'm very well aware of the +fact I've used quotes around the word, cause it's not that easy and not even +same for all of the distributions that involve some kind of a payment.

    +

    One of the first non-free distributions I've come into contact was Zorin OS +which basically tries to be the best transition solution when moving away from +the Windows or macOS. If you have a look at the perks of its Pro version +that's paid, you may as well decide they are rather questionable…

    +

    It's time to move into the Ubuntu Pro, RHEL and SLE territory. What's the +point of those? They definitely offer different kind of, let's say, +non-free experience.

    +

    With those you are paying mainly for the support and bug/security patches.

    +
    Fun fact

    There's no mention of any kind of support on the Zorin page… Apart from the fact +that you are supporting the Zorin development.

    +

    Repository structure​

    +

    As I have mentioned above, the three services3 I mentioned are providing +support with regards to bugs and security vulnerabilites. Therefore it makes +sense to have some kind of a process in place when you're pushing changes +(either updates, patches or security patches) to the distribution. And yes, +these processes are in place.

    +

    If you think about the amount of packages that is present in the community +distributions like archLinux (14,830 packages) or Fedora (74,309 packages), +it is safe to come to a conclusion that there's no way to support all of them.

    +
    archLinux

    It may seem that archLinux contains rather small set of packages, but one of the +killer features of archLinux lies in the AUR (archLinux User Repository) where +you can find additional 93,283 packages.

    +

    That's why the Linux distributions have some structure to their repositories +that contain packages. The way you go around this is rather simple, you choose +some set of critical packages that you guarantee support for (like Linux +kernel, openSSL, etc.) and maintain those with all the QA processes in place.

    +
    Unpopular opinion

    This is also one of the reasons why I'm quite against packaging anything and +everything into the Linux distribution. In my opinion it is impossible to +properly maintain huge set of packages and enforce some kind of +quality control.

    +

    Ubuntu​

    +

    Ubuntu has pretty granular structure of their repositories, namely:

    +
      +
    • main containing the “core” of the Ubuntu that is maintained by the Canonical,
      • +
    • universe containing literally the “universe”, packages that everyone likes, +but they're not crucial, this repo is maintained mostly by the community,
      • +
    • multiverse containing packages with some license or copyright issues, and
      • +
    • restricted containing proprietary packages like nvidia drivers and such.
      • +
    +

    By briefly checking my Ubuntu 23.10 installation, here are stats of packages in +their respective repositories:

    +
      +
    • main with 6,128 packages,
      • +
    • universe with 63,380 packages,
      • +
    • multiverse with 997 packages, and finally
      • +
    • restricted with 784 packages.
      • +
    +

    As you can see, if we sum them up, they are relatively similar to the Fedora +numbers.

    +

    CentOS​

    +

    CentOS on the other hand has a bit simpler structure with BaseOS for the base +and AppStream for additional packages:

    +
      +
    • baseos with 1,058 packages,
      • +
    • appstream with 5,646 packages, and
      • +
    • extras-common with 42 packages.
      • +
    +

    Overall they make up the similar number as the Ubuntu's main repository. And +you can also notice that there are no additional repositories.

    +
    tip

    There's also a CRB (CodeReady Builder) repository with dev packages like headers +and such.

    And you can also enable EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) which is +community-supported and provides another 19,903 packages.

    +

    Ubuntu Pro​

    +

    Now it's time to get back to the Ubuntu Pro. There are multiple points that need +to be taken in account to be either positive or negative about it…

    +

    We can start with the way Ubuntu is released and maintained. Ubuntu has regular +6-month release cycle and biannual LTS release. Releases are normally supported +for 9 months with the exception of the LTS releases being supported for 5 years.

    +

    If you check out the Ubuntu Pro website, you can find the following +statement:

    +
    +

    Ubuntu Pro

    +

    The most comprehensive subscription for open-source software security

    +

    30-day trial for enterprises. Always free for personal use.

    +
    +
    Personal use

    Ubuntu Pro for personal use consists of 5 installations and in case of the +community ambassadors 50.

    +

    Overall if you try to find what is included in the Ubuntu Pro:

    +
      +
    • high and critical patches,
      • +
    • 10 years of maintenance, and
      • +
    • (optional) 24/7 enterprise-grade support.
      • +
    +

    If we get back to the screenshot all the way at the beginning of the post: +Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro

    +

    and try to look up to which repository the packages mentioned in the screenshot +belong, we will find out that they belong to universe repository which is +maintained by the community. Not to mention nature of the packages: multimedia.

    +

    You may think about this as a scam, but considering repository consisting of 70k +packages, it is not an easy task to do. And with LTS releases we're talking +about 5+ years of support.

    +
    Fedora

    Try to compare this state to Fedora. It also has a 6-month release cycle, but +there are no LTS releases and each release is supported only for a year.

    +

    Common strategy, at this point, is to pull out the open-source. Yes, we are +still dealing with the open-source, but keep in mind that you're trying to patch +some issue in a version that's 5 years old, upstream definitely doesn't care +anymore4, the development didn't stop 5 years ago, it's going on and fixing +this issue in a release from 5 years is not the same as fixing it in the current +release. At this point, if you are paying for such support, you are actually +paying for someone to do software archaeology which can be non-trivial +to do.

    +

    In the case of Ubuntu Pro we're talking about community support and best-effort +support by Canonical for the paying customers. And that makes sense to me, +running LTS distro for 5+ years on a desktop seems like an odd choice, even +with the help of podman and distrobox or toolbx that allow us to use +stable or LTS distro as a base and containerized development environments on top +of that.

    +

    RHEL ecosystem​

    +

    RHEL ecosystem is much more complicated in this matter. However it's very +similar to the way SUSE operates with few exceptions.

    +

    You can see a flow diagram here:

    + +

    Key things to take and not to take from the flow diagram:

    +
      +
    • getting from one upstream to its respective downstream is not as simple as the +presence of an arrow and it's not the same process for all of them
      • +
    • lengths of the arrows are not proportional, specifically: +
        +
      • Fedora Rawhide is supposed to consume updates as soon as possible,
        • +
      • depending on the decision of the maintainer they can, but don't have to be +included in the currently supported Fedora releases (you can take Emacs as +an example of such package), but Rawhide eventually becomes the next Fedora +release,
        • +
      • CentOS Stream gets branched off a specific Fedora release, and then
        • +
      • ultimately CentOS Stream becomes the next minor release of RHEL.
        • +
      +
      • +
    • this diagram is simplified by a lot
      • +
    +
    SUSE flow for comparison

    I'll also include a SUSE flow, so you can compare:

    You can notice, as opposed to the RHEL ecosystem, some changes are being +backported to the openSUSE Leap.

    However this is subject to change as there is a new ALP project arising which +is, more than likely, going to replace the Leap.

    +

    Change in the model​

    +

    The flow I've shown above is in effect since late ‘20 and early ‘21. I hope you +can see that it is quite similar to the way SUSE operates too. Before late ‘20 +the flow was following:

    + +

    CentOS was the last distribution in that “chain”. This provides some benefits +and some negatives.

    +

    Before the change​

    +

    From the point of a developer, unless you have some kind of an early access to +RHEL, you don't see the changes until they land and are already released. This +impairs your ability to test and verify your software before shipping it to your +clients that use RHEL.

    +

    From the point of a user, there is one positive, you basically get “free RHEL” +without the support. This also allowed you to report bugs against the RHEL, +since they were 1:1 distros (minus the branding and support). So you'd +technically get RHEL free of charge.

    +

    Benefit of such project, except for the cost, is questionable. The main issue, +which actually became even more apparent after changing the flow, is someone +else repackaging your own product and selling it again.

    +

    After the change​

    +

    First of all, the current flow counters the issue mentioned above. You can test +your projects against the next minor RHEL release. CentOS Stream is free, so +you can freely incorporate it into your CI pipelines.

    +
    Shameless plug pt. 2

    Again, Packit can help you on upstream to verify that you're not breaking your +RPM builds and on top of that you can also use Testing Farm to run tests on a +specific Fedora or CentOS Stream releases.

    +

    Green tests may not be green everywhere and catching such issues as soon as +possible costs much less than catching them further down the chain.

    +
    +

    There are many people thinking that RHEL has become closed-source. It is not. +The development happens out in the open, it's more open that it was before. +However with the cost of not getting the exact same thing for free. You can get +the next minor RHEL, not the same that's normally paid for. Packit is an +example of a service that is deployed on the CentOS 9 Stream and even used to be +deployed on Fedora, but the regular 6-month release cycle caused some minor +issues here and there.

    +

    Production-ready is something that heavily depends on the context…

    +
    Free “clones”

    After this change so-called free “clones” emerged. I have to admit that in +case of AlmaLinux I can see some benefits e.g., pushing for live images and +support of various desktop environments, Raspberry Pi support or even WSL images +being present in the M$ Store and easy to install.

    +

    Open-source and paid support​

    +

    Overall I don't think that paying for the support of 5 years old non-critical +packages is going against the open-source. It is a non-trivial work that, in +majority of cases, cannot be included in the upstream, therefore the benefit is +reapt only by the paying customers. I have to admit that in the case of the +Ubuntu Pro it may seem a bit weird (hiding patches behind the paywall). However +we're still talking about rather big set of packages that will affect a minority +of server workloads, if any.

    +

    Glossary​

    +
      +
    • +

      rolling release - continuously released without “significant milestones”

      +
      tip

      As an example of rolling distribution you can take archLinux, openSUSE +Tumbleweed, Fedora Rawhide, or even CentOS 9 Stream.

      As en example of not rolling distribution you can take Ubuntu, openSUSE +Leap or Fedora.

      +
      • +
    • +

      bleeding edge - contains the latest versions as they are released on the +upstream

      +
      tip

      As an example you can take archLinux, openSUSE Tumbleweed or Fedora Rawhide. +You can also notice how common it is to combine rolling release with +bleeding edge.

      +
      • +
    • +

      upstream & downstream

      +

      You're most likely to meet these terms in the meaning of upstream being the +project itself and downstream being the packaging of said project in some +distribution.

      +

      However this can also apply to distributions like openSUSE Tumbleweed with +openSUSE Leap, Fedora with CentOS Stream, or even CentOS Stream with +RHEL. This basically means that the packages/software is being released into +the upstream (Tumbleweed, Fedora, or even CentOS) and then after being tested +is taken further down into their respective downstreams (Leap, CentOS, RHEL).

      +
      • +
    +

    Footnotes​

    +
      +
    1. +

      Richard Stallman ↩

      +
      2. +
    2. +

      directed acyclic graph ↩

      +
      3. +
    3. +

      Ubuntu Pro is technically a service whereas the RHEL and SLE are distros +with the support included. ↩

      +
      4. +
    4. +

      There are upstream projects that keep LTS branches, such as Linux kernel, +but even in the case of the kernel itself, they're planning on ending it, +since the cost outweighs the benefits at this point. ↩

      +
      5. +
    +
    + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week/index.html b/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week/index.html index 12b38b2..d8e0d2e 100644 --- a/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week/index.html +++ b/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    1st week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 13 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the first week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    +

    1st week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 13 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the first week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    note

    If you wish to have a look at the solutions, you can follow them on my GitLab. More specifically in the /src/bin/.

    I will try to summarize my experience with using Rust for the AoC. Trying it out @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ preconditions, but why would we do that, right? :)

    And that would be boring…

    tip

    BTreeMap is quite fitting for this, don't you think?

    I always wanted to try allocation on heap in Rust, so I chose to implement a tree. -I fought with the Box<T> for some time and was losing…

    +I fought with the Box<T> for some time and was losing…

    Then I looked up some implementations of trees or linked lists and decided to try Rc<Cell<T>>. And I got my ass whopped by the compiler once again. /o\

    tip

    Box<T> represents a dynamically allocated memory on heap. It is a single pointer, diff --git a/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week/index.html b/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week/index.html index dcf923e..d28e8f2 100644 --- a/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week/index.html +++ b/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    2nd week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 21 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the second week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    +

    2nd week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 21 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the second week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    Day 8: Treetop Tree House​

    tl;dr

    We get a forest and we want to know how many trees are visible from the outside. Apart from that we want to find the best view.

    diff --git a/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week/index.html b/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week/index.html index e2a02e8..a90e5b4 100644 --- a/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week/index.html +++ b/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    3rd week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 12 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the third week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    +

    3rd week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 12 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the third week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    Day 15: Beacon Exclusion Zone​

    tl;dr

    Triangulating a distress beacon based on the information from the sensors.

    Solution​

    diff --git a/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week/index.html b/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week/index.html index ffef77f..40a984d 100644 --- a/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week/index.html +++ b/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    4th week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 16 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the fourth week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    +

    4th week of Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 16 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's go through the fourth week of Advent of Code in Rust.

    Day 22: Monkey Map​

    tl;dr

    Simulating a movement on a 2D map with given instructions. Map becomes a cube in the 2nd part…

    @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ the 2nd part and also it's relatively hard to decompose »properly«.

    Column iterator​

    In the first part of the problem it was needed to know the boundaries of each row and column, since I stored them in Vec<Vec<char>> and padded with spaces -to ensure I have a rectangular 2D “array”. However when you wanted to go through +to ensure I have a rectangular 2D “array”. However when you wanted to go through each row and column to determine the boundaries, it was very easy to do for the rows (cause each row is a Vec element), but not for the columns, since they span multiple rows.

    diff --git a/blog/aoc-2022/intro/index.html b/blog/aoc-2022/intro/index.html index 447c7a5..6c90cab 100644 --- a/blog/aoc-2022/intro/index.html +++ b/blog/aoc-2022/intro/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 9 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's talk about the preparations for this year's Advent of Code.

    +

    Advent of Code '22 in Rust

    · 9 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's talk about the preparations for this year's Advent of Code.

    Choosing a language​

    When choosing a language for AoC, you usually want a language that gives you a quick feedback which allows you to iterate quickly to the solution of the puzzle. diff --git a/blog/archive/index.html b/blog/archive/index.html index cfac13b..1a8a599 100644 --- a/blog/archive/index.html +++ b/blog/archive/index.html @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ - - - + + + -

    Archive

    Archive

    2024​

    2023​

    2022​

    +

    Archive

    Archive

    2024​

    2023​

    2022​

    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/blog/atom.xml b/blog/atom.xml index e2c337b..f87bb3a 100644 --- a/blog/atom.xml +++ b/blog/atom.xml @@ -2,11 +2,325 @@ https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog mf Blog - 2024-01-28T00:00:00.000Z + 2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z https://github.com/jpmonette/feed mf's blog https://blog.mfocko.xyz/img/favicon.ico + + <![CDATA[LTS distributions]]> + https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros + + 2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z + + Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide +variety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few.

    +

    Some corporations also profit from the support of the “big” distributions. Let's +dive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such business.

    +

    This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post: +Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro

    +
    Disclaimer

    You may take my opinion with a grain of salt, since I'm affiliated with Red Hat, +but at the same time I've also seen the other side of the fence, so I know how +it works from the perspective of the provider/maintainer.

    +
    tip

    If you are not very oriented in the matters of Linux distributions and +maintaining of packages, I suggest looking at the glossary at the +end to have a better grasp of the terms that are used throughout the post.

    +

    Point of linux distributions​

    +

    First thing I'd like to point out is the point of the Linux distributions. What +benefit do they provide? And why there are so many of them…

    +

    As it has been brought up many times by the rms1, Linux by itself is not +enough, it's just the kernel that does the underlying work. We need more +software to utilize the hardware. That's the gap that Linux distributions bridge +by providing the Linux and much more other software that we need.

    +

    Each distribution is unique in its own way. Some prefer different ways of +handling the software (like Gentoo that allows you to compile it yourself) and +others stable releases of software (like Debian).

    +

    In the end it mostly boils down to the packaging. I, as a user, want to do +something like

    +
    $ sudo dnf5 install firefox
    +

    and not bother about anything else. I don't want to open browser to look the +thing up, download it and then click mindlessly 500× “Next”. I just want to run +one command and when the maintainers decide it's time to move on, another one to +upgrade the software to the newer version.

    +

    Of course, for some use cases you want to minimize the latter. And even make +sure that it's safe to do it when you need to. You don't want to break your +production deployment just because someone decided it's time to push something +out.

    +

    That's when the maintainers come in. They take upon themselves the +responsibility of maintaining the packages. If you've ever used the Debian, you +know very well how old the software is, but that's what you might need for +your servers.

    +

    Pain of packaging​

    +

    Packaging software is not cost-free. You may as well have 80 % of packages +that don't need much care and it's rather easy to push them forward, but those +remaining, which are complicated and raise issues regularly, will make it up and +take a lot of time and also pain.

    +

    Libraries are the most common example that might not need much work to be done. +On the other hand, Linux kernel itself is a rather complicated machinery that +is patched a lot and its build process is not simple either.

    +

    Even if you consider just those easily-maintainble packages, the process can +be tedious, boring and overall time consuming.

    +
    Shameless RHEL-based ecosystem plug

    Packit can help tremendously with the easily-maintainable packages, since it +can be automated.

    +

    Packaging whole ecosystems​

    +

    Now it's time to talk about whole ecosystems that have some kind of a packaging +by themselves. Yes, I mean Python (with its continuous stream of different +package managers), Rust, Go, etc.

    +

    Whole point of packaging is to have some form of gating. In other words, you +want some kind of quality control when pushing changes into the Linux distros.

    +

    If you want to package some tool (or even library) from the aforementioned +ecosystems, you need to package all of the dependencies to make sure something +doesn't get updated in the meantime (and also that you can safely reproduce the +builds, if need be).

    +

    I've tried to package some utilities for EPEL both in Rust and Go. Dependencies +form a DAG2 and in case of Rust, it's very similar to the way npm does +its packaging.

    +
    Spoiler alert

    You get a lot of dependencies. And since it's a tree of dependencies, there may +be a lot of them.

    +

    I have no clue how do the Rust maintainers operate, but I'm tipping my fedora in +their direction, since it must be a pain in the ass.

    + +

    You can find few Linux distributions that are “paid”. I'm very well aware of the +fact I've used quotes around the word, cause it's not that easy and not even +same for all of the distributions that involve some kind of a payment.

    +

    One of the first non-free distributions I've come into contact was Zorin OS +which basically tries to be the best transition solution when moving away from +the Windows or macOS. If you have a look at the perks of its Pro version +that's paid, you may as well decide they are rather questionable…

    +

    It's time to move into the Ubuntu Pro, RHEL and SLE territory. What's the +point of those? They definitely offer different kind of, let's say, +non-free experience.

    +

    With those you are paying mainly for the support and bug/security patches.

    +
    Fun fact

    There's no mention of any kind of support on the Zorin page… Apart from the fact +that you are supporting the Zorin development.

    +

    Repository structure​

    +

    As I have mentioned above, the three services3 I mentioned are providing +support with regards to bugs and security vulnerabilites. Therefore it makes +sense to have some kind of a process in place when you're pushing changes +(either updates, patches or security patches) to the distribution. And yes, +these processes are in place.

    +

    If you think about the amount of packages that is present in the community +distributions like archLinux (14,830 packages) or Fedora (74,309 packages), +it is safe to come to a conclusion that there's no way to support all of them.

    +
    archLinux

    It may seem that archLinux contains rather small set of packages, but one of the +killer features of archLinux lies in the AUR (archLinux User Repository) where +you can find additional 93,283 packages.

    +

    That's why the Linux distributions have some structure to their repositories +that contain packages. The way you go around this is rather simple, you choose +some set of critical packages that you guarantee support for (like Linux +kernel, openSSL, etc.) and maintain those with all the QA processes in place.

    +
    Unpopular opinion

    This is also one of the reasons why I'm quite against packaging anything and +everything into the Linux distribution. In my opinion it is impossible to +properly maintain huge set of packages and enforce some kind of +quality control.

    +

    Ubuntu​

    +

    Ubuntu has pretty granular structure of their repositories, namely:

    +
      +
    • main containing the “core” of the Ubuntu that is maintained by the Canonical,
      • +
    • universe containing literally the “universe”, packages that everyone likes, +but they're not crucial, this repo is maintained mostly by the community,
      • +
    • multiverse containing packages with some license or copyright issues, and
      • +
    • restricted containing proprietary packages like nvidia drivers and such.
      • +
    +

    By briefly checking my Ubuntu 23.10 installation, here are stats of packages in +their respective repositories:

    +
      +
    • main with 6,128 packages,
      • +
    • universe with 63,380 packages,
      • +
    • multiverse with 997 packages, and finally
      • +
    • restricted with 784 packages.
      • +
    +

    As you can see, if we sum them up, they are relatively similar to the Fedora +numbers.

    +

    CentOS​

    +

    CentOS on the other hand has a bit simpler structure with BaseOS for the base +and AppStream for additional packages:

    +
      +
    • baseos with 1,058 packages,
      • +
    • appstream with 5,646 packages, and
      • +
    • extras-common with 42 packages.
      • +
    +

    Overall they make up the similar number as the Ubuntu's main repository. And +you can also notice that there are no additional repositories.

    +
    tip

    There's also a CRB (CodeReady Builder) repository with dev packages like headers +and such.

    And you can also enable EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) which is +community-supported and provides another 19,903 packages.

    +

    Ubuntu Pro​

    +

    Now it's time to get back to the Ubuntu Pro. There are multiple points that need +to be taken in account to be either positive or negative about it…

    +

    We can start with the way Ubuntu is released and maintained. Ubuntu has regular +6-month release cycle and biannual LTS release. Releases are normally supported +for 9 months with the exception of the LTS releases being supported for 5 years.

    +

    If you check out the Ubuntu Pro website, you can find the following +statement:

    +
    +

    Ubuntu Pro

    +

    The most comprehensive subscription for open-source software security

    +

    30-day trial for enterprises. Always free for personal use.

    +
    +
    Personal use

    Ubuntu Pro for personal use consists of 5 installations and in case of the +community ambassadors 50.

    +

    Overall if you try to find what is included in the Ubuntu Pro:

    +
      +
    • high and critical patches,
      • +
    • 10 years of maintenance, and
      • +
    • (optional) 24/7 enterprise-grade support.
      • +
    +

    If we get back to the screenshot all the way at the beginning of the post: +Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro

    +

    and try to look up to which repository the packages mentioned in the screenshot +belong, we will find out that they belong to universe repository which is +maintained by the community. Not to mention nature of the packages: multimedia.

    +

    You may think about this as a scam, but considering repository consisting of 70k +packages, it is not an easy task to do. And with LTS releases we're talking +about 5+ years of support.

    +
    Fedora

    Try to compare this state to Fedora. It also has a 6-month release cycle, but +there are no LTS releases and each release is supported only for a year.

    +

    Common strategy, at this point, is to pull out the open-source. Yes, we are +still dealing with the open-source, but keep in mind that you're trying to patch +some issue in a version that's 5 years old, upstream definitely doesn't care +anymore4, the development didn't stop 5 years ago, it's going on and fixing +this issue in a release from 5 years is not the same as fixing it in the current +release. At this point, if you are paying for such support, you are actually +paying for someone to do software archaeology which can be non-trivial +to do.

    +

    In the case of Ubuntu Pro we're talking about community support and best-effort +support by Canonical for the paying customers. And that makes sense to me, +running LTS distro for 5+ years on a desktop seems like an odd choice, even +with the help of podman and distrobox or toolbx that allow us to use +stable or LTS distro as a base and containerized development environments on top +of that.

    +

    RHEL ecosystem​

    +

    RHEL ecosystem is much more complicated in this matter. However it's very +similar to the way SUSE operates with few exceptions.

    +

    You can see a flow diagram here:

    + +

    Key things to take and not to take from the flow diagram:

    +
      +
    • getting from one upstream to its respective downstream is not as simple as the +presence of an arrow and it's not the same process for all of them
      • +
    • lengths of the arrows are not proportional, specifically: +
        +
      • Fedora Rawhide is supposed to consume updates as soon as possible,
        • +
      • depending on the decision of the maintainer they can, but don't have to be +included in the currently supported Fedora releases (you can take Emacs as +an example of such package), but Rawhide eventually becomes the next Fedora +release,
        • +
      • CentOS Stream gets branched off a specific Fedora release, and then
        • +
      • ultimately CentOS Stream becomes the next minor release of RHEL.
        • +
      +
      • +
    • this diagram is simplified by a lot
      • +
    +
    SUSE flow for comparison

    I'll also include a SUSE flow, so you can compare:

    You can notice, as opposed to the RHEL ecosystem, some changes are being +backported to the openSUSE Leap.

    However this is subject to change as there is a new ALP project arising which +is, more than likely, going to replace the Leap.

    +

    Change in the model​

    +

    The flow I've shown above is in effect since late ‘20 and early ‘21. I hope you +can see that it is quite similar to the way SUSE operates too. Before late ‘20 +the flow was following:

    + +

    CentOS was the last distribution in that “chain”. This provides some benefits +and some negatives.

    +

    Before the change​

    +

    From the point of a developer, unless you have some kind of an early access to +RHEL, you don't see the changes until they land and are already released. This +impairs your ability to test and verify your software before shipping it to your +clients that use RHEL.

    +

    From the point of a user, there is one positive, you basically get “free RHEL” +without the support. This also allowed you to report bugs against the RHEL, +since they were 1:1 distros (minus the branding and support). So you'd +technically get RHEL free of charge.

    +

    Benefit of such project, except for the cost, is questionable. The main issue, +which actually became even more apparent after changing the flow, is someone +else repackaging your own product and selling it again.

    +

    After the change​

    +

    First of all, the current flow counters the issue mentioned above. You can test +your projects against the next minor RHEL release. CentOS Stream is free, so +you can freely incorporate it into your CI pipelines.

    +
    Shameless plug pt. 2

    Again, Packit can help you on upstream to verify that you're not breaking your +RPM builds and on top of that you can also use Testing Farm to run tests on a +specific Fedora or CentOS Stream releases.

    +

    Green tests may not be green everywhere and catching such issues as soon as +possible costs much less than catching them further down the chain.

    +
    +

    There are many people thinking that RHEL has become closed-source. It is not. +The development happens out in the open, it's more open that it was before. +However with the cost of not getting the exact same thing for free. You can get +the next minor RHEL, not the same that's normally paid for. Packit is an +example of a service that is deployed on the CentOS 9 Stream and even used to be +deployed on Fedora, but the regular 6-month release cycle caused some minor +issues here and there.

    +

    Production-ready is something that heavily depends on the context…

    +
    Free “clones”

    After this change so-called free “clones” emerged. I have to admit that in +case of AlmaLinux I can see some benefits e.g., pushing for live images and +support of various desktop environments, Raspberry Pi support or even WSL images +being present in the M$ Store and easy to install.

    +

    Open-source and paid support​

    +

    Overall I don't think that paying for the support of 5 years old non-critical +packages is going against the open-source. It is a non-trivial work that, in +majority of cases, cannot be included in the upstream, therefore the benefit is +reapt only by the paying customers. I have to admit that in the case of the +Ubuntu Pro it may seem a bit weird (hiding patches behind the paywall). However +we're still talking about rather big set of packages that will affect a minority +of server workloads, if any.

    +

    Glossary​

    +
      +
    • +

      rolling release - continuously released without “significant milestones”

      +
      tip

      As an example of rolling distribution you can take archLinux, openSUSE +Tumbleweed, Fedora Rawhide, or even CentOS 9 Stream.

      As en example of not rolling distribution you can take Ubuntu, openSUSE +Leap or Fedora.

      +
      • +
    • +

      bleeding edge - contains the latest versions as they are released on the +upstream

      +
      tip

      As an example you can take archLinux, openSUSE Tumbleweed or Fedora Rawhide. +You can also notice how common it is to combine rolling release with +bleeding edge.

      +
      • +
    • +

      upstream & downstream

      +

      You're most likely to meet these terms in the meaning of upstream being the +project itself and downstream being the packaging of said project in some +distribution.

      +

      However this can also apply to distributions like openSUSE Tumbleweed with +openSUSE Leap, Fedora with CentOS Stream, or even CentOS Stream with +RHEL. This basically means that the packages/software is being released into +the upstream (Tumbleweed, Fedora, or even CentOS) and then after being tested +is taken further down into their respective downstreams (Leap, CentOS, RHEL).

      +
      • +
    +

    Footnotes​

    +
      +
    1. +

      Richard Stallman ↩

      +
      2. +
    2. +

      directed acyclic graph ↩

      +
      3. +
    3. +

      Ubuntu Pro is technically a service whereas the RHEL and SLE are distros +with the support included. ↩

      +
      4. +
    4. +

      There are upstream projects that keep LTS branches, such as Linux kernel, +but even in the case of the kernel itself, they're planning on ending it, +since the cost outweighs the benefits at this point. ↩

      +
      5. +
    +
    ]]>     + + Matej Focko + me+blog@mfocko.xyz + https://gitlab.com/mfocko + + + + + +     <![CDATA[Mixed feelings on Rust]]> https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion diff --git a/blog/feed.json b/blog/feed.json index da40ead..08e6900 100644 --- a/blog/feed.json +++ b/blog/feed.json @@ -4,6 +4,24 @@ "home_page_url": "https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog", "description": "mf's blog", "items": [ + { + "id": "https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros", + "content_html": "

    Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide\nvariety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few.

    \n

    Some corporations also profit from the support of the “big” distributions. Let's\ndive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such business.

    \n

    This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post:\n\"Mastodon

    \n
    Disclaimer

    You may take my opinion with a grain of salt, since I'm affiliated with Red Hat,\nbut at the same time I've also seen the other side of the fence, so I know how\nit works from the perspective of the provider/maintainer.

    \n
    tip

    If you are not very oriented in the matters of Linux distributions and\nmaintaining of packages, I suggest looking at the glossary at the\nend to have a better grasp of the terms that are used throughout the post.

    \n

    Point of linux distributions​

    \n

    First thing I'd like to point out is the point of the Linux distributions. What\nbenefit do they provide? And why there are so many of them…

    \n

    As it has been brought up many times by the rms1, Linux by itself is not\nenough, it's just the kernel that does the underlying work. We need more\nsoftware to utilize the hardware. That's the gap that Linux distributions bridge\nby providing the Linux and much more other software that we need.

    \n

    Each distribution is unique in its own way. Some prefer different ways of\nhandling the software (like Gentoo that allows you to compile it yourself) and\nothers stable releases of software (like Debian).

    \n

    In the end it mostly boils down to the packaging. I, as a user, want to do\nsomething like

    \n
    $ sudo dnf5 install firefox
    \n

    and not bother about anything else. I don't want to open browser to look the\nthing up, download it and then click mindlessly 500× “Next”. I just want to run\none command and when the maintainers decide it's time to move on, another one to\nupgrade the software to the newer version.

    \n

    Of course, for some use cases you want to minimize the latter. And even make\nsure that it's safe to do it when you need to. You don't want to break your\nproduction deployment just because someone decided it's time to push something\nout.

    \n

    That's when the maintainers come in. They take upon themselves the\nresponsibility of maintaining the packages. If you've ever used the Debian, you\nknow very well how old the software is, but that's what you might need for\nyour servers.

    \n

    Pain of packaging​

    \n

    Packaging software is not cost-free. You may as well have 80 % of packages\nthat don't need much care and it's rather easy to push them forward, but those\nremaining, which are complicated and raise issues regularly, will make it up and\ntake a lot of time and also pain.

    \n

    Libraries are the most common example that might not need much work to be done.\nOn the other hand, Linux kernel itself is a rather complicated machinery that\nis patched a lot and its build process is not simple either.

    \n

    Even if you consider just those easily-maintainble packages, the process can\nbe tedious, boring and overall time consuming.

    \n
    Shameless RHEL-based ecosystem plug

    Packit can help tremendously with the easily-maintainable packages, since it\ncan be automated.

    \n

    Packaging whole ecosystems​

    \n

    Now it's time to talk about whole ecosystems that have some kind of a packaging\nby themselves. Yes, I mean Python (with its continuous stream of different\npackage managers), Rust, Go, etc.

    \n

    Whole point of packaging is to have some form of gating. In other words, you\nwant some kind of quality control when pushing changes into the Linux distros.

    \n

    If you want to package some tool (or even library) from the aforementioned\necosystems, you need to package all of the dependencies to make sure something\ndoesn't get updated in the meantime (and also that you can safely reproduce the\nbuilds, if need be).

    \n

    I've tried to package some utilities for EPEL both in Rust and Go. Dependencies\nform a DAG2 and in case of Rust, it's very similar to the way npm does\nits packaging.

    \n
    Spoiler alert

    You get a lot of dependencies. And since it's a tree of dependencies, there may\nbe a lot of them.

    \n

    I have no clue how do the Rust maintainers operate, but I'm tipping my fedora in\ntheir direction, since it must be a pain in the ass.

    \n

    Paid distributions​

    \n

    You can find few Linux distributions that are “paid”. I'm very well aware of the\nfact I've used quotes around the word, cause it's not that easy and not even\nsame for all of the distributions that involve some kind of a payment.

    \n

    One of the first non-free distributions I've come into contact was Zorin OS\nwhich basically tries to be the best transition solution when moving away from\nthe Windows or macOS. If you have a look at the perks of its Pro version\nthat's paid, you may as well decide they are rather questionable…

    \n

    It's time to move into the Ubuntu Pro, RHEL and SLE territory. What's the\npoint of those? They definitely offer different kind of, let's say,\nnon-free experience.

    \n

    With those you are paying mainly for the support and bug/security patches.

    \n
    Fun fact

    There's no mention of any kind of support on the Zorin page… Apart from the fact\nthat you are supporting the Zorin development.

    \n

    Repository structure​

    \n

    As I have mentioned above, the three services3 I mentioned are providing\nsupport with regards to bugs and security vulnerabilites. Therefore it makes\nsense to have some kind of a process in place when you're pushing changes\n(either updates, patches or security patches) to the distribution. And yes,\nthese processes are in place.

    \n

    If you think about the amount of packages that is present in the community\ndistributions like archLinux (14,830 packages) or Fedora (74,309 packages),\nit is safe to come to a conclusion that there's no way to support all of them.

    \n
    archLinux

    It may seem that archLinux contains rather small set of packages, but one of the\nkiller features of archLinux lies in the AUR (archLinux User Repository) where\nyou can find additional 93,283 packages.

    \n

    That's why the Linux distributions have some structure to their repositories\nthat contain packages. The way you go around this is rather simple, you choose\nsome set of critical packages that you guarantee support for (like Linux\nkernel, openSSL, etc.) and maintain those with all the QA processes in place.

    \n
    Unpopular opinion

    This is also one of the reasons why I'm quite against packaging anything and\neverything into the Linux distribution. In my opinion it is impossible to\nproperly maintain huge set of packages and enforce some kind of\nquality control.

    \n

    Ubuntu​

    \n

    Ubuntu has pretty granular structure of their repositories, namely:

    \n
      \n
    • main containing the “core” of the Ubuntu that is maintained by the Canonical,
      • \n
    • universe containing literally the “universe”, packages that everyone likes,\nbut they're not crucial, this repo is maintained mostly by the community,
      • \n
    • multiverse containing packages with some license or copyright issues, and
      • \n
    • restricted containing proprietary packages like nvidia drivers and such.
      • \n
    \n

    By briefly checking my Ubuntu 23.10 installation, here are stats of packages in\ntheir respective repositories:

    \n
      \n
    • main with 6,128 packages,
      • \n
    • universe with 63,380 packages,
      • \n
    • multiverse with 997 packages, and finally
      • \n
    • restricted with 784 packages.
      • \n
    \n

    As you can see, if we sum them up, they are relatively similar to the Fedora\nnumbers.

    \n

    CentOS​

    \n

    CentOS on the other hand has a bit simpler structure with BaseOS for the base\nand AppStream for additional packages:

    \n
      \n
    • baseos with 1,058 packages,
      • \n
    • appstream with 5,646 packages, and
      • \n
    • extras-common with 42 packages.
      • \n
    \n

    Overall they make up the similar number as the Ubuntu's main repository. And\nyou can also notice that there are no additional repositories.

    \n
    tip

    There's also a CRB (CodeReady Builder) repository with dev packages like headers\nand such.

    And you can also enable EPEL (Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux) which is\ncommunity-supported and provides another 19,903 packages.

    \n

    Ubuntu Pro​

    \n

    Now it's time to get back to the Ubuntu Pro. There are multiple points that need\nto be taken in account to be either positive or negative about it…

    \n

    We can start with the way Ubuntu is released and maintained. Ubuntu has regular\n6-month release cycle and biannual LTS release. Releases are normally supported\nfor 9 months with the exception of the LTS releases being supported for 5 years.

    \n

    If you check out the Ubuntu Pro website, you can find the following\nstatement:

    \n
    \n

    Ubuntu Pro

    \n

    The most comprehensive subscription for open-source software security

    \n

    30-day trial for enterprises. Always free for personal use.

    \n
    \n
    Personal use

    Ubuntu Pro for personal use consists of 5 installations and in case of the\ncommunity ambassadors 50.

    \n

    Overall if you try to find what is included in the Ubuntu Pro:

    \n
      \n
    • high and critical patches,
      • \n
    • 10 years of maintenance, and
      • \n
    • (optional) 24/7 enterprise-grade support.
      • \n
    \n

    If we get back to the screenshot all the way at the beginning of the post:\n\"Mastodon

    \n

    and try to look up to which repository the packages mentioned in the screenshot\nbelong, we will find out that they belong to universe repository which is\nmaintained by the community. Not to mention nature of the packages: multimedia.

    \n

    You may think about this as a scam, but considering repository consisting of 70k\npackages, it is not an easy task to do. And with LTS releases we're talking\nabout 5+ years of support.

    \n
    Fedora

    Try to compare this state to Fedora. It also has a 6-month release cycle, but\nthere are no LTS releases and each release is supported only for a year.

    \n

    Common strategy, at this point, is to pull out the open-source. Yes, we are\nstill dealing with the open-source, but keep in mind that you're trying to patch\nsome issue in a version that's 5 years old, upstream definitely doesn't care\nanymore4, the development didn't stop 5 years ago, it's going on and fixing\nthis issue in a release from 5 years is not the same as fixing it in the current\nrelease. At this point, if you are paying for such support, you are actually\npaying for someone to do software archaeology which can be non-trivial\nto do.

    \n

    In the case of Ubuntu Pro we're talking about community support and best-effort\nsupport by Canonical for the paying customers. And that makes sense to me,\nrunning LTS distro for 5+ years on a desktop seems like an odd choice, even\nwith the help of podman and distrobox or toolbx that allow us to use\nstable or LTS distro as a base and containerized development environments on top\nof that.

    \n

    RHEL ecosystem​

    \n

    RHEL ecosystem is much more complicated in this matter. However it's very\nsimilar to the way SUSE operates with few exceptions.

    \n

    You can see a flow diagram here:

    \n\n

    Key things to take and not to take from the flow diagram:

    \n
      \n
    • getting from one upstream to its respective downstream is not as simple as the\npresence of an arrow and it's not the same process for all of them
      • \n
    • lengths of the arrows are not proportional, specifically:\n
        \n
      • Fedora Rawhide is supposed to consume updates as soon as possible,
        • \n
      • depending on the decision of the maintainer they can, but don't have to be\nincluded in the currently supported Fedora releases (you can take Emacs as\nan example of such package), but Rawhide eventually becomes the next Fedora\nrelease,
        • \n
      • CentOS Stream gets branched off a specific Fedora release, and then
        • \n
      • ultimately CentOS Stream becomes the next minor release of RHEL.
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • this diagram is simplified by a lot
      • \n
    \n
    SUSE flow for comparison

    I'll also include a SUSE flow, so you can compare:

    You can notice, as opposed to the RHEL ecosystem, some changes are being\nbackported to the openSUSE Leap.

    However this is subject to change as there is a new ALP project arising which\nis, more than likely, going to replace the Leap.

    \n

    Change in the model​

    \n

    The flow I've shown above is in effect since late ‘20 and early ‘21. I hope you\ncan see that it is quite similar to the way SUSE operates too. Before late ‘20\nthe flow was following:

    \n\n

    CentOS was the last distribution in that “chain”. This provides some benefits\nand some negatives.

    \n

    Before the change​

    \n

    From the point of a developer, unless you have some kind of an early access to\nRHEL, you don't see the changes until they land and are already released. This\nimpairs your ability to test and verify your software before shipping it to your\nclients that use RHEL.

    \n

    From the point of a user, there is one positive, you basically get “free RHEL”\nwithout the support. This also allowed you to report bugs against the RHEL,\nsince they were 1:1 distros (minus the branding and support). So you'd\ntechnically get RHEL free of charge.

    \n

    Benefit of such project, except for the cost, is questionable. The main issue,\nwhich actually became even more apparent after changing the flow, is someone\nelse repackaging your own product and selling it again.

    \n

    After the change​

    \n

    First of all, the current flow counters the issue mentioned above. You can test\nyour projects against the next minor RHEL release. CentOS Stream is free, so\nyou can freely incorporate it into your CI pipelines.

    \n
    Shameless plug pt. 2

    Again, Packit can help you on upstream to verify that you're not breaking your\nRPM builds and on top of that you can also use Testing Farm to run tests on a\nspecific Fedora or CentOS Stream releases.

    \n

    Green tests may not be green everywhere and catching such issues as soon as\npossible costs much less than catching them further down the chain.

    \n
    \n

    There are many people thinking that RHEL has become closed-source. It is not.\nThe development happens out in the open, it's more open that it was before.\nHowever with the cost of not getting the exact same thing for free. You can get\nthe next minor RHEL, not the same that's normally paid for. Packit is an\nexample of a service that is deployed on the CentOS 9 Stream and even used to be\ndeployed on Fedora, but the regular 6-month release cycle caused some minor\nissues here and there.

    \n

    Production-ready is something that heavily depends on the context…

    \n
    Free “clones”

    After this change so-called free “clones” emerged. I have to admit that in\ncase of AlmaLinux I can see some benefits e.g., pushing for live images and\nsupport of various desktop environments, Raspberry Pi support or even WSL images\nbeing present in the M$ Store and easy to install.

    \n

    Open-source and paid support​

    \n

    Overall I don't think that paying for the support of 5 years old non-critical\npackages is going against the open-source. It is a non-trivial work that, in\nmajority of cases, cannot be included in the upstream, therefore the benefit is\nreapt only by the paying customers. I have to admit that in the case of the\nUbuntu Pro it may seem a bit weird (hiding patches behind the paywall). However\nwe're still talking about rather big set of packages that will affect a minority\nof server workloads, if any.

    \n

    Glossary​

    \n
      \n
    • \n

      rolling release - continuously released without “significant milestones”

      \n
      tip

      As an example of rolling distribution you can take archLinux, openSUSE\nTumbleweed, Fedora Rawhide, or even CentOS 9 Stream.

      As en example of not rolling distribution you can take Ubuntu, openSUSE\nLeap or Fedora.

      \n
      • \n
    • \n

      bleeding edge - contains the latest versions as they are released on the\nupstream

      \n
      tip

      As an example you can take archLinux, openSUSE Tumbleweed or Fedora Rawhide.\nYou can also notice how common it is to combine rolling release with\nbleeding edge.

      \n
      • \n
    • \n

      upstream & downstream

      \n

      You're most likely to meet these terms in the meaning of upstream being the\nproject itself and downstream being the packaging of said project in some\ndistribution.

      \n

      However this can also apply to distributions like openSUSE Tumbleweed with\nopenSUSE Leap, Fedora with CentOS Stream, or even CentOS Stream with\nRHEL. This basically means that the packages/software is being released into\nthe upstream (Tumbleweed, Fedora, or even CentOS) and then after being tested\nis taken further down into their respective downstreams (Leap, CentOS, RHEL).

      \n
      • \n
    \n

    Footnotes​

    \n
      \n
    1. \n

      Richard Stallman ↩

      \n
      2. \n
    2. \n

      directed acyclic graph ↩

      \n
      3. \n
    3. \n

      Ubuntu Pro is technically a service whereas the RHEL and SLE are distros\nwith the support included. ↩

      \n
      4. \n
    4. \n

      There are upstream projects that keep LTS branches, such as Linux kernel,\nbut even in the case of the kernel itself, they're planning on ending it,\nsince the cost outweighs the benefits at this point. ↩

      \n
      5. \n
    \n
    ", + "url": "https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/02/07/lts-distros", + "title": "LTS distributions", + "summary": "Shower thoughts on the LTS Linux distributions.\n", + "date_modified": "2024-02-07T00:00:00.000Z", + "author": { + "name": "Matej Focko", + "url": "https://gitlab.com/mfocko" + }, + "tags": [ + "lts", + "linux distributions", + "support", + "paywall" + ] + }, { "id": "https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion", "content_html": "

    Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I've managed to get my\nhands dirty with it during Advent of Code ‘22 and partially ‘23. I've also\nused it for few rounds of Codeforces and I have to try very hard to maintain\nsome variety of languages for LeetCode challenges along with the Rust. I'll\ndisclaim up front that I won't be only positive, since this post is a result of\nmultiple discussions about Rust and I stand by\n“All that glitters is not gold”, so if you can't stand your favorite language\nbeing criticized in any way, don't even proceed. 😉

    \n

    Memory safety​

    \n

    I'll start by kicking the biggest benefit of the language, the memory safety.\nLet's be honest here, majority of the checks rely on the static analysis, cause\nyou can't do anything else during the compile-time, right? Therefore we can\nbasically say that we are relying on the compiler to “solve” all of our issues.

    \n
    warning

    I'm not doubting the fact that compiler can prevent a lot of the memory\nerrors, I'm just saying it's not realistic to cover everything.

    \n

    Compiler​

    \n

    I guess we can safely1 agree on the fact that we 100% rely on the compiler to\nhave our back. Is the compiler bug-free? I doubt it. This is not meant in an\noffensive way to the Rust compiler developers, but we need to be realistic here.\nIt's a compiler, even older and larger projects like gcc or llvm can't avoid\nbugs to appear.

    \n

    When I was trying out Rust for some of the LeetCode challenges I've stumbled\nupon the following warning:\n\"Example

    \n
    Issue

    The issue here comes from the fact that we have 2 simultaneous references to the\nsame memory (one is mutable and one immutable). If you cannot think of any way\nthis can break, I'll give you a rather simple example from C++ where this could\ncause an issue.

    Imagine a function that has some complex object and also calls a coroutine which\nutilizes read-only reference to that object. When the coroutine suspends, the\ncaller can modify the object. This can break the integrity of data read by the\ncoroutine.

      \n
    • Yes, this can cause a memory error.
      • \n
    • Yes, this hasn't been handled until someone noticed it.
      • \n

    Fixing this bug is not backwards compatible, cause you're covering a case that\nhasn't been covered before.

    \n

    Enforcing the safety​

    \n

    One of the ways Rust enforces the safety is by restricting what you can do, like\nthe example above. Aforementioned issue can happen, but doesn't have to.\nRule of the thumb in the Rust compiler is to “block” anything that can be an\nissue, static analysis can't do much more, it cannot decide whether it's safe to\ndo it or not.

    \n

    Satisfying the Rust compiler is sometimes a brutal pain in the ass, because you\ncannot do things like you're used to, you need to work around them somehow.

    \n
    tip

    Key difference between Rust and C or C++ lies in the fact that Rust chooses to\nban all “potentially offensive” actions, C and C++ relies on you to be\nsure it's safe to do.

    \"C++

    \n

    Consequences​

    \n

    Where are we heading with this approach of “if it compiles, it runs” though?\nIn this aspect I have a rather similar opinion as with regards to the ChatGPT\nand its derivatives.

    \n

    If you teach people to 100% depend on the compiler, they will do it, cause it's\neasy. All you need to do is make the compiler shut up2. Giving up the\nintellectual masturbation about the memory safety will make you lose your edge\nover the time. When we get to the point of everyone being in the mindset\nmentioned above, who's going to maintain the compiler? This is the place where\nyou need to think about the memory safety and furthermore in a much more\ngeneral way than in your own projects, because it is the thing that everyone\nblindly believes in in the end.

    \n

    I'm not saying that everyone should give up Rust and think about their memory\nmanagement and potential memory issues. I'm just saying that going the easy way\nwill make people dull and they should think about it anyways, that's how the\nissue above has been discovered. If everyone walked past and didn't think about\nit, no one would discover this issue till it bit them hard.

    \n
    Standard library

    Even the standard library is littered with unsafe blocks that are prefixed\nwith comments in style:

    // SAFETY: …

    The fact that the casual Rust dev doesn't have to think much about safety,\ncause the compiler has their back, doesn't mean that the Rust compiler dev\ndoesn't either.

    I gotta admit that I adopted this concept in other languages (even in Python),\ncause you can encounter situations where it doesn't have to be clear why you\ncan do what you're doing.

    \n

    Development & design​

    \n

    Development of Rust is… very fast. One positive is that they're trying to be as\nbackward compatible as possible at least by verifying against all the published\ncrates in the process. Of course, you cannot be backward compatible about fixing\nthe bugs that have been found, but such is life.

    \n

    Fast development cycle​

    \n

    One of the negatives of the fast development cycle is the fact that they're\nusing the latest features already in the next release of the Rust. Yes, it is\nsomething that you can use for verifying and testing your own changes, but at\nthe same time it places a requirement of the latest release to compile the next\none.

    \n
    tip

    If you check gcc for example, they have a requirement of minimal version of\ncompiler that you need for the build. Though gcc's requirement is not so needy\nas the Rust one.

    \n

    One of the other negatives is the introduction of bugs. If you're pushing\nchanges, somewhat mindlessly, at such a fast pace, it is inevitable to introduce\na bunch bugs in the process. Checking the GitHub issue tracker with

    \n
    is:issue is:open label:C-bug label:T-compiler
    \n

    yields 2,224 open issues at the time of writing this post.

    \n

    RFCs​

    \n

    You can find a lot of RFCs for the Rust. Some of them are more questionable\nthan the others. Fun thing is that a lot of them make it to the nightly builds,\nso they can be tested and polished off. Even the questionable ones… I'll leave\nfew examples for a better understanding.

    \n

    One of such features is the do yeet expression:

    \n
    #![feature(yeet_expr)]

    fn foo() -> Result<String, i32> {
        do yeet 4;
    }
    assert_eq!(foo(), Err(4));

    fn bar() -> Option<String> {
        do yeet;
    }
    assert_eq!(bar(), None);
    \n

    It allows you to “yeet” the errors out of the functions that return Result or\nOption.

    \n

    One of the more recent ones is\nthe ability to include Cargo manifests into the sources, so you can do something\nlike:

    \n
    #!/usr/bin/env cargo
    ---
    [dependencies]
    clap = { version = \"4.2\", features = [\"derive\"] }
    ---

    use clap::Parser;

    #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
    #[clap(version)]
    struct Args {
        #[clap(short, long, help = \"Path to config\")]
        config: Option<std::path::PathBuf>,
    }

    fn main() {
        let args = Args::parse();
        println!(\"{:?}\", args);
    }
    \n

    I would say you can get almost anything into the language…

    \n

    Community and hype train​

    \n

    Rust community is a rather unique thing. A lot of people will hate me for this,\nbut I can't help, but to compare them to militant vegans. I'll go through some\nof the things related to it, so I can support my opinion at least.

    \n

    Rust is the best language. It is not. There is no best language, each has its\nown positives and negatives, you need to choose the language that's the most\nsuitable for your use case. There are areas where Rust excels, though I have\nto admit it's very close to being a universal hammer regardless of how suitable\nit is. There is a very steep learning curve to it, beginnings in Rust are very\npainful.

    \n

    Rewrite everything in Rust. Just no. There are multiple feedbacks on doing\nrewrites, it is very common to fix N bugs with a rewrite while introducing\nN + 1 other bugs in the process. It doesn't solve anything unless there are\nsome strong reasons to go with it. Majority of such suggested rewrites don't\nhave those reasons though.

    \n

    Language ‹x› is bad, though in Rust… Cherry-picking one specific pain point of\none language and reflecting how it is better in other language can go both ways.\nFor example it is rather easy to pick the limitations imposed by Rust compiler\nand show how it's possible in other languages 🤷‍♂️

    \n

    I don't mind any of those opinions, you're free to have them, as long as you\ndon't rub them in my face which is not the usual case… This experience makes it\njust worse for me, part of this post may be also influenced by this fact.

    \n

    Rust in Linux​

    \n
    caution

    As someone who has seen the way Linux kernel is built in the RHEL ecosystem, how\ncomplex the whole thing is and how much resources you need to proceed, I have\nvery strong opinions on this topic.

    \n

    It took years of work to even “incorporate” Rust into the Linux codebase, just\nto get the “Hello World!”. I don't have anything against the idea of writing\ndrivers in the Rust, I bet it can catch a lot of common mistakes, but still\nintroducing Rust to the kernel is another step to enlarge the monster.

    \n

    I have to admit though that the Apple GPU driver for Linux written in Rust is\nquite impressive. Apart from that there are not so many benefits, yet…

    \n

    Packaging​

    \n

    I'll divide the packaging into the packaging of the language itself and the\nprograms written in Rust.

    \n

    Let's start with the cargo itself though. Package managers of the languages\nusually get a lot of hate (you can take npm or pip as examples3). If\nyou've ever tried out Rust, I bet you already know where I'm going with this.\nYes, I mean the compilation times, or even Cargo downloading whole index of\ncrates just so you can update that one dependency (and 3 millions of indirect\ndeps). When I was doing AoC ‘22 in Rust, I've set up sccache right away on the\nfirst day.

    \n

    Let's move to the packaging of the Rust itself, it's tedious. Rust has a very\nfast development cycle and doesn't even try to make the builds backward\ncompatible. If there is a new release of Rust, there is a very high chance that\nyou cannot build that release with anything other than the latest Rust\nrelease. If you have ever touched the packaging, you know that this is something\nthat can cause a lot of problems, cause you need the second-to-latest version to\ncompile the latest version, don't forget that this applies inductively… People\nrunning Gentoo could tell you a lot about this.

    \n
    info

    Compiling the compilers takes usually more time than compiling the kernel\nitself…

    \n

    I cannot speak about packaging of Rust programs in other than RHEL-based\ndistros, though I can speak about RHEL ecosystem. Fedora packaging guidelines\nspecify that you need to build each and every dependency of the program\nseparately. I wanted to try out AlmaLinux and install Alacritty there and I\nfailed miserably. The solution that worked, consisted of ignoring the packaging\nguidelines, running cargo build and consuming the binaries afterwards.\nDependencies of the Rust programs are of a similar nature as JS dependencies.

    \n
    \n

    I'm tipping my fedora1 in the general direction of the maintainers of Rust\npackages in RHEL ecosystem. I wouldn't be able to do this without losing my\nsanity.

    \n
    \n

    Likes​

    \n

    If you've come all the way here and you're a Rustacean, I believe I've managed\nto get your blood boiling, so it's time to finish this off by stuff I like about\nRust. I doubt I will be able to cover everything, but I can try at least. You\nhave to admit it's much easier to remember the bad stuff as opposed to the good.\n😉

    \n

    Workflow and toolchain​

    \n

    I prefered using Rust for the Advent of Code and Codeforces as it provides\na rather easy way to test the solutions before running them with the challenge\ninput (or test runner). I can give an example from the Advent of Code:

    \n
    use aoc_2023::*;

    type Output1 = i32;
    type Output2 = Output1;

    struct DayXX {}
    impl Solution<Output1, Output2> for DayXX {
        fn new<P: AsRef<Path>>(pathname: P) -> Self {
            let lines: Vec<String> = file_to_lines(pathname);

            todo!()
        }

        fn part_1(&mut self) -> Output1 {
            todo!()
        }

        fn part_2(&mut self) -> Output2 {
            todo!()
        }
    }

    fn main() -> Result<()> {
        DayXX::main()
    }

    test_sample!(day_XX, DayXX, 42, 69);
    \n

    This was the skeleton I've used and the macro at the end is my own creation that\nexpands to:

    \n
    #[cfg(test)]
    mod day_XX {
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn part_1() {
            let path = DayXX::get_sample(1);
            let mut day = DayXX::new(path);
            assert_eq!(day.part_1(), 42);
        }

        #[test]
        fn part_2() {
            let path = DayXX::get_sample(2);
            let mut day = DayXX::new(path);
            assert_eq!(day.part_2(), 69);
        }
    }
    \n

    When you're solving the problem, all you need to do is switch between\ncargo test and cargo run to check the answer to either sample or the\nchallenge input itself.

    \n

    Introduce bacon and it gets even better. Bacon is a CLI tool that wraps around\nthe cargo and allows you to check, run, lint or run tests on each file save.\nIt's a very pleasant thing for a so-called compiler-assisted development.

    \n

    Speaking of linting from within the bacon, you cannot leave out the clippy.\nNot only it can whip your ass because of errors, but it can also produce a lot\nof helpful suggestions, for example passing slices by borrow instead of\nborrowing the Vec itself when you don't need it.

    \n

    Standard library​

    \n

    There's a lot included in the standard library. It almost feels like you\nhave all you need4. I like placeholders (like todo!(), unreachable!(),\nunimplemented!()) to the extent of\nimplementing them as exceptions in C++.

    \n

    You can find almost anything. Though you can also hit some very weird issues\nwith some of the nuances of the type system.

    \n

    unsafe​

    \n

    This might be something that people like to avoid as much as possible. However I\nthink that forming a habit of commenting posibly unsafe operations in any\nlanguage is a good habit, as I've mentioned above. You should be able to argue\nwhy you can do something safely, even if the compiler is not kicking your ass\nbecause of it.

    \n

    Excerpt of such comment from work:

    \n
    # SAFETY: Taking first package instead of specific package should be
    # safe, since we have put a requirement on »one« ‹upstream_project_url›
    # per Packit config, i.e. even if we're dealing with a monorepo, there
    # is only »one« upstream. If there is one upstream, there is only one
    # set of GPG keys that can be allowed.
    return self.downstream_config.packages[
        self.downstream_config._first_package
    ].allowed_gpg_keys
    \n

    Traits​

    \n

    One of the other things I like are the traits. They are more restrictive than\ntemplates or concepts in C++, but they're doing their job pretty good. If you\nare building library and require multiple traits to be satisfied it means a lot\nof copy-paste, but that's soon to be fixed by the trait aliases.

    \n
    Comparing to other languages

    On Wikipedia I've seen trait being defined as a more restrictive type class as\nyou may know it from the Haskell for example. C++ isn't behind either with its\nconstraints and concepts. I would say that we can order them in the following\norder based on the complexity they can express:

    Rust's trait < Haskell's type class < C++'s concept
    \n

    You can also hit some issues, like me when trying to support conversions between\nunderlying numeric types of a 2D vectors or support for using an operator from\nboth sides (I couldn't get c * u to work in the same way as u * c because\nthe first one requires you to implement the trait of a built-in type).

    \n
    Implementation

    Implementing traits lies in

    impl SomeTrait for SomeStruct {
        // implementation goes here
    }

    One of the things I would love to see is being able to define the helper\nfunctions within the same block. As of now, the only things allowed are the ones\nthat are required by the trait, which in the end results in a randomly lying\nfunctions around (or in a implementation of the structure itself). I don't like\nthis mess at all…

    \n

    Influence of functional paradigm​

    \n

    You can see a big influence of the functional paradigm. Not only in iterators,\nbut also in the other parts of the language. For example I prefer Option<T> or\nResult<T, E> to nulls and exceptions. Pattern matching together with\ncompiler both enforces handling of the errors and rather user-friendly way of\ndoing it.

    \n

    Not to mention .and_then() and such. However spending most of the time with\nthe AoC you get pretty annoyed of the repetitive .unwrap() during parsing,\nsince you are guaranteed correct input.

    \n

    Macros​

    \n

    Macros are a very strong pro of the Rust. And no, we're not going to talk about\nthe procedural macros…

    \n

    As I've shown above I've managed to “tame” a lot of copy-paste in the tests for\nthe AoC by utilizing a macro that generated a very basic template for the tests.

    \n

    As I have mentioned the traits above, I cannot forget to give props to derive\nmacro that allows you to “deduce” the default implementation. It is very helpful\nfor a tedious tasks like implementing Debug (for printing out the structures)\nor comparisons, though with the comparisons you need to be careful about the\ndefault implementation, it has already bitten me once or twice.

    \n

    Summary​

    \n

    Overall there are many things about the Rust I like and would love to see them\nimplemented in other languages. However there are also many things I don't like.\nNothing is exclusively black and white.

    \n

    Footnotes​

    \n
      \n
    1. \n

      pun intended ↩ ↩2

      \n
      2. \n
    2. \n

      It's not that easy with the Rust compiler, but OK… ↩

      \n
      3. \n
    3. \n

      not to even mention multiple different packaging standards Python has, which\nis borderline https://xkcd.com/927/ ↩

      \n
      4. \n
    4. \n

      unlike Python where there's whole universe in the language itself, yet there\nare essential things not present… ↩

      \n
      5. \n
    \n
    ", diff --git a/blog/index.html b/blog/index.html index 8d623e4..0b379a8 100644 --- a/blog/index.html +++ b/blog/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,18 @@ - - - + + + -

    · 15 min read
    Matej Focko

    Linux distributions are a common choice for running the servers. There's a wide +variety of distributions, but on the servers majority is made by only a few.

    +

    Some corporations also profit from the support of the “big” distributions. Let's +dive into the pros, cons and peculiarities of such business.

    +

    This post is inspired/triggered by the following Mastodon post: +Mastodon post about Ubuntu Pro

    · 16 min read
    Matej Focko

    Rust has become a rather popular language these days. I've managed to get my hands dirty with it during [Advent of Code] ‘22 and partially ‘23. I've also used it for few rounds of [Codeforces] and I have to try very hard to maintain diff --git a/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally/index.html b/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally/index.html index d40643d..e5dfb0f 100644 --- a/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally/index.html +++ b/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally/index.html @@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ - - - + + + -

    Sort the matrix diagonally

    · 17 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's try to solve one of the LeetCode challenges in easy and hard mode at the +

    Sort the matrix diagonally

    · 17 min read
    Matej Focko

    Let's try to solve one of the LeetCode challenges in easy and hard mode at the same time.

    Submitting​

    In case you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me.

    -
    +
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c/category/bonuses/index.html b/c/category/bonuses/index.html index 329e529..9f7aba2 100644 --- a/c/category/bonuses/index.html +++ b/c/category/bonuses/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Bonuses

    Bonus assignments for Kontr Coins. diff --git a/c/category/practice-exams/index.html b/c/category/practice-exams/index.html index 0854973..66b4cbb 100644 --- a/c/category/practice-exams/index.html +++ b/c/category/practice-exams/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Practice Exams

    Practice exams for training for the final exam. diff --git a/c/index.html b/c/index.html index deeed9b..6506733 100644 --- a/c/index.html +++ b/c/index.html @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ - - - + + + -

    +
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c/mr/index.html b/c/mr/index.html index a0843e8..f8b2ba1 100644 --- a/c/mr/index.html +++ b/c/mr/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Submitting merge requests for review

    @@ -87,6 +87,6 @@ For the sake of safety, do not continue without clean repository. Then with comm be main or trunk.

    aisa$ git status
    # Check if repository is clean

    # If you know, what is your default branch, you can skip next command.
    aisa$ git branch
    # Find the default branch in the list; should be one of the `master`, `main` or
    # `trunk` and you should not have more than one of those.
    # In case the list clears the terminal and you cannot see shell prompt, you can
    # press `q` to quit the pager.

    aisa$ git checkout master
    -

    Adapted from: https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html

    +

    Adapted from: https://www.fi.muni.cz/~xlacko1/pb071/mr.html

    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/c/pexam/cams/index.html b/c/pexam/cams/index.html index 0916212..f07d5f0 100644 --- a/c/pexam/cams/index.html +++ b/c/pexam/cams/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Watching Cams

    diff --git a/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html b/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html index e85bfc2..f89f65e 100644 --- a/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html +++ b/c/pexam/garbage_collect/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Garbage Collection

    diff --git a/contributions/index.html b/contributions/index.html index 3d029a8..73aabb7 100644 --- a/contributions/index.html +++ b/contributions/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Contributions

    Many of my contributions to open-source projects.

    tmt

    Description

    The tmt tool provides a user-friendly way to work with tests. You can comfortably create new tests, safely and easily run tests across different environments, review test results, debug test code and enable tests in the CI using a consistent and concise config.

    Contribution

    Just a smallish contribution to the docs related to the changes implemented on the Packit side.

    See repository

    Fedora Infrastructure Ansible

    Description

    Collection of Ansible playbooks that powers the Fedora Infrastructure.

    Contribution

    I have adjusted the groups in the Bodhi playbooks after Packit has been granted the privileges to propose updates without restrictions.

    See repository

    Bodhi

    Description

    Bodhi is a web-system that facilitates the process of publishing updates for a Fedora-based software distribution.

    Contribution

    I have adjusted the client, so that it doesn't show secrets in terminal when you log in to the Bodhi via browser.

    See repository

    Gluetool Modules Collection

    Description

    Modules for gluetool — a command line centric framework usable for glueing modules into a pipeline.

    Contribution
    • I have proposed a possible implementation of git merging that was later on extended.
    • I have tried to help out with Copr module after they deprecated older version of their API.
    See repository

    Pagure

    Description

    Pagure is a git-centered forge, python based using pygit2.

    Contribution

    I have added an API endpoint for reopening pull requests.

    See repository

    Copr

    Description

    RPM build system - upstream for Copr.

    Contribution
    • Supporting external repositories for custom SRPM build method.
    • Allowing admins of Copr repositories to build without the need to ask for explicit builder permissions.
    See repository

    python-gitlab

    Description

    A python wrapper for the GitLab API.

    Contribution

    I have contributed support for the merge_ref on merge requests that hasn't been supported, yet it was present in the GitLab API.

    See repository

    PatternFly React

    Description

    A set of React components for the PatternFly project.

    Contribution

    When working on Packit Dashboard, I have spotted smaller bugs that were present in this project and fixed them upstream to provide better experience for our users.

    See repository

    Fira Code

    Description

    Free monospaced font with programming ligatures.

    Contribution

    I have set up a GitHub Action for building the font on each push to the default branch allowing users to install bleeding edge version of the font.

    See repository

    nixpkgs

    Description

    Nixpkgs is a collection of over 80,000 software packages that can be installed with the Nix package manager. It also implements NixOS, a purely-functional Linux distribution.

    Contribution

    When I was trying out the nixpkgs, I have tried to bump .NET Core to the latest version. My changes haven't been accepted as they required bumping of multiple more packages that depended upon the .NET Core.

    See repository

    Darcula

    Description

    A theme for Visual Studio Code based on Darcula theme from Jetbrains IDEs.

    Contribution

    I have contributed support for diff files, though the project doesn't seem to be live anymore, so it hasn't been accepted as of now.

    See repository

    Packit

    Description

    An open source project aiming to ease the integration of your project with Fedora Linux, CentOS Stream and other distributions.

    Contribution

    Have a look at my pull requests.

    See repository

    Snitch

    Description

    Language agnostic tool that collects TODOs in the source code and reports them as Issues.

    Contribution
    • Environment variable support for self-hosted GitLab instances
    • GitLab support
    See repository

    Karel the Robot

    Description

    Karel the robot is in general an educational programming language for beginners, created by Richard E. Pattis. This is implementation of Karel the Robot for C programming language.

    This project is used for educational purposes at TUKE.

    Contribution

    I have contributed some refactoring tips to the author of the library.

    See repository
    diff --git a/cpp/category/exceptions-and-raii/index.html b/cpp/category/exceptions-and-raii/index.html index 5b640b7..c49266b 100644 --- a/cpp/category/exceptions-and-raii/index.html +++ b/cpp/category/exceptions-and-raii/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Exceptions and RAII

    Materials related to the exceptions or RAII in C++. diff --git a/cpp/environment/index.html b/cpp/environment/index.html index 5642214..aefe7ee 100644 --- a/cpp/environment/index.html +++ b/cpp/environment/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Environment

    Required tools per OS​

    diff --git a/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders/index.html b/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders/index.html index f5bd1cc..d5f980d 100644 --- a/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders/index.html +++ b/cpp/exceptions-and-raii/placeholders/index.html @@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Placeholders

    Here we will try to implement some placeholders that you can find in other diff --git a/cpp/index.html b/cpp/index.html index 71fd5bc..b163ebc 100644 --- a/cpp/index.html +++ b/cpp/index.html @@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ - - - + + + -

    +
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.bz2 b/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.bz2 index beaec8e..7e1c512 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.bz2 and b/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.gz b/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.gz index 1d9ccbf..6e2eb98 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.gz and b/files/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.bz2 b/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.bz2 index 04be529..0b6ffe7 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.bz2 and b/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.gz b/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.gz index 158715e..14c4311 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.gz and b/files/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.bz2 b/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.bz2 index da6f0e5..b783c30 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.bz2 and b/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.gz b/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.gz index 7ea17d1..f1ae0e0 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.gz and b/files/algorithms/recursion/karel-1.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.bz2 b/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.bz2 index c7fcec0..9ed3975 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.bz2 and b/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.gz b/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.gz index 15b0e02..4fff66f 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.gz and b/files/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.bz2 b/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.bz2 index 5fe539d..6bd49e6 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.bz2 and b/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.gz b/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.gz index 76f3afe..655a5fa 100644 Binary files a/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.gz and b/files/algorithms/time-complexity/extend.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.bz2 b/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.bz2 index d937d9f..02a2320 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.bz2 and b/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.gz b/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.gz index d213730..399e2c5 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.gz and b/files/c/bonuses/03.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.bz2 b/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.bz2 index 1a42d8a..56ff0de 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.bz2 and b/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.gz b/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.gz index fddbac7..57de5e4 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.gz and b/files/c/bonuses/04.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.bz2 b/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.bz2 index da34f7c..22b1be0 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.bz2 and b/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz b/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz index 38a772b..d21ba79 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz and b/files/c/bonuses/05-06.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.bz2 b/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.bz2 index e8347e3..2d8837b 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.bz2 and b/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz b/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz index 975c256..29c6425 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz and b/files/c/bonuses/08.tar.gz differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.bz2 b/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.bz2 index 06b77af..c743a8c 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.bz2 and b/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.bz2 differ diff --git a/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz b/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz index 8e98cb3..46cff80 100644 Binary files a/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz and b/files/c/bonuses/10.tar.gz differ diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index 778ff7f..b6c3471 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    mf

    blog and additional materials for courses at φ

    About Me

    I'm working in Red Hat in the Packit team and studying at FI MUNI while also tutoring some courses there.

    Content

    On this page you can find my blog or unofficial materials I have written over the course of teaching multiple courses at the FI.

    Mastodon

    Feel free to contact me on any of the following Mastodon accounts: Fosstodon or Hachyderm.io

    diff --git a/search/index.html b/search/index.html index c6250c5..121eed5 100644 --- a/search/index.html +++ b/search/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Search the documentation

    diff --git a/sitemap.xml b/sitemap.xml index 29b40a6..d08b2dd 100644 --- a/sitemap.xml +++ b/sitemap.xml @@ -1 +1 @@ -https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2023/08/02/copr/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/2024/01/28/rust-opinion/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/aoc-2022/1st-week/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/aoc-2022/2nd-week/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/aoc-2022/3rd-week/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/aoc-2022/4th-week/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/aoc-2022/intro/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/archive/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/leetcode/sort-diagonally/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/%F0%9F%8F%AD/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/admin/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/advent-of-code-2022/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/advent-of-code/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/copr/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/cpp/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/cult/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/hype/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/iterators/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/leetcode/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/memory-safety/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/red-hat/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/rust/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/blog/tags/vps/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/contributions/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/search/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/talks/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/a-star/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/applications/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/astar/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/backtracking/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/balanced-trees/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/bellman-ford/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/bfs/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/bottom-up-dp/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/brute-force/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/c/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/cpp/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/csharp/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/dijkstra/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/dynamic-array/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/dynamic-programming/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/exponential/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/graphs/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/greedy/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/hash-tables/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/iterative/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/iterators/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/java/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/karel/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/postconditions/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/python/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/recursion/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/red-black-trees/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/solution/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/sorting/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/testing/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/time-complexity/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/tags/top-down-dp/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/algorithms-correctness/postcondition-ambiguity/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/algorithms-and-correctness/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/asymptotic-notation-and-time-complexity/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/graphs/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/hash-tables/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/paths-in-graphs/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/recursion/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/category/red-black-trees/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/graphs/bfs-tree/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/graphs/iterative-and-iterators/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/mitigations/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/hash-tables/breaking/python/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/astar/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/bf/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/paths/bf-to-astar/dijkstra/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/rb-trees/applications/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/rb-trees/rules/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/recursion/karel/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/recursion/karel/solution/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/recursion/pyramid-slide-down/weekly0.5https://blog.mfocko.xyz/algorithms/recursion/pyram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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/talks/index.html b/talks/index.html index 4396db2..580caca 100644 --- a/talks/index.html +++ b/talks/index.html @@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ - - - + + +

    Talks

    Featured talks I presented on various events.

    Shift Left Testing with Packit and Testing Farm

    In today's fast-paced software development landscape, ensuring the quality and reliability of upstream contributions is crucial. The traditional approach of testing at the end of the development cycle is no longer sufficient. To address this challenge, we present "Shift Left Your Testing with Packit and Testing Farm", a talk that introduces two powerful tools designed to simplify and enhance the testing process for the upstream contributions.

    Packit and Testing Farm provide a dead simple way to build and test your upstream contributions against both public or internal Red Hat testing infrastructure. In this talk, we will explore the capabilities of both tools and demonstrate how they can be seamlessly integrated into your development workflow.

    In addition to the current capabilities, we will share our plans for Packit and Testing.

    • QEcamp23
    • virtual
    • 11/2023

    Packit: RPM integration, all in one

    Do you want to automate how you build and test your RPM packages? Do you maintain any package in Fedora and want to automate the releases? Or are you just interested in CI/CD on GitHub or GitLab, Fedora and integration of upstream projects with RPM-based Linux distributions? In this session, we are going to deep-dive into features of Packit that can help you do your day-to-day job.
    • DevConf.cz
    • Brno, Czechia
    • 6/2023

    Also presented on:

    • DevConf.cz Mini in Brno, Czechia (3/2023)
    Watch recordingSee slides

    Credits to Paweł Kosiec for implementing his own React components for talks.