diff --git a/.common/cpp/skeleton.cpp b/.common/cpp/skeleton.cpp
index 5f057a1..a8686dd 100644
--- a/.common/cpp/skeleton.cpp
+++ b/.common/cpp/skeleton.cpp
@@ -151,14 +151,61 @@ Container collect(std::size_t size) {
 #pragma endregion /* input */
 
 #pragma region math
-static constexpr std::int32_t MODULO = 1000000007;
-
 long pow(long base, long exp) {
   if (exp == 0) return 1;
   long half = pow(base, exp / 2);
   if (exp % 2 == 0) return half * half;
   return half * half * base;
 }
+
+template <std::int64_t MODULO = 1000000007>
+struct Z {
+  Z(std::int64_t x = 0) : x(x % MODULO) {}
+
+  Z pow(std::uint32_t exp) const {
+    auto ans = 1;
+    auto base = x;
+
+    for (; exp > 0; exp >>= 1) {
+      if (exp % 2 == 1) {
+        ans *= base;
+      }
+
+      base *= base;
+    }
+
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  Z inv() const {
+    assert(x != 0);
+    return pow(MODULO - 2);
+  }
+
+  Z operator-() const { return {-x}; }
+  Z operator+=(const Z &rhs) { x = (x + rhs.x) % MODULO; }
+  Z operator-=(const Z &rhs) { x = (x - rhs.x) % MODULO; }
+  Z operator*=(const Z &rhs) { x = (x * rhs.x) % MODULO; }
+  Z operator/=(const Z &rhs) { x = (x * rhs.inv().x) % MODULO; }
+
+  friend Z operator+(Z lhs, const Z &rhs) { return lhs += rhs; }
+  friend Z operator-(Z lhs, const Z &rhs) { return lhs -= rhs; }
+  friend Z operator*(Z lhs, const Z &rhs) { return lhs *= rhs; }
+  friend Z operator/(Z lhs, const Z &rhs) { return lhs /= rhs; }
+
+  friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &is, Z &z) {
+    is >> z.x;
+    z.x %= MODULO;
+    return is;
+  }
+
+  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Z &z) {
+    return os << z.x;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::int64_t x;
+};
 #pragma endregion /* math */
 
 #pragma region output